Editing Williams College (section)

==Campus==
[[File:Williams_College_-_West_College_(cropped).jpg|thumb|West College, the oldest building of Williams's campus.]]
Williams is located on a {{convert|450|acre|ha|adj=on|abbr=off}} campus in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in the [[Berkshires]] in rural northwestern Massachusetts. The campus contains more than 100 academic, athletic, and residential buildings.<ref name=fastfacts/>

The early planners of Williams College eschewed the traditional collegiate quadrangle organization, choosing to freely site buildings among the hills. Later construction, including East and West Colleges and Griffin Hall, tended to cluster around Main Street in Williamstown. The first campus quadrangle was formed with East College, South College, and the Hopkins Observatory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Williams College|url=http://tclf.org/landscapes/williams-college|website=The Cultural Landscape Foundation|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102035857/http://tclf.org/landscapes/williams-college|archive-date=January 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Olmsted Brothers]] design firm played a large part in shaping the campus design and architecture. In 1902, the firm was commissioned to renovate a large part of campus, including the President's House, the cemetery, and South College; as well as incorporating the George A. Cluett estate into the campus acreage. Although these campus renovations were completed in 1912, the Olmsted Brothers would advise the gradual transformation of campus design for six decades. The present-day grounds layout reflects much of the design intent of the Olmsted Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bishop|first1=Karina|title=The Olmsted Firm in the Berkshires|url=http://tclf.org/news/features/olmsted-firm-berkshires|website=The Cultural Landscape Foundation|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313142527/http://tclf.org/news/features/olmsted-firm-berkshires|archive-date=March 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Hopkins Observatory Williams College.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Old Hopkins Observatory]]

Williams College is the site of the [[Hopkins Observatory]], the oldest extant astronomical observatory in the United States.<ref name="Pasachoff">{{cite journal| last =Pasachoff| first = Jay M.| title =Williams College's Hopkins Observatory: the oldest extant observatory in the United States | journal = Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage| year = 1998| volume = 1| issue = 1| page = 61| publisher =Smithsonian/NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service| doi = 10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.1998.01.04| bibcode =1998JAHH....1...61P }}</ref> Erected in 1836–1838, it now contains the Mehlin Museum of Astronomy, including [[Alvan Clark]]'s first telescope (from 1852),<ref name="Pasachoff" /> as well as the Milham Planetarium, which uses a [[zeiss projector|Zeiss Skymaster]] ZKP3/B optomechanical projector and an Ansible [[digital projector]], both installed in 2005. The Hopkins Observatory's 0.6-m DFM [[reflecting telescope]] (1991) is installed elsewhere on the campus.<ref>{{cite web | title =Astronomy Department and the Hopkins Observatory | publisher =Williams College | url =http://www.williams.edu/go/sciencecenter/center/RS05html/Repsci2005-ASTRONOM.html | access-date =2007-09-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071022075755/http://williams.edu/go/sciencecenter/center/RS05html/Repsci2005-ASTRONOM.html | archive-date =2007-10-22 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Williams joins with [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], Wesleyan, [[Middlebury College|Middlebury]], [[Colgate University|Colgate]], [[Vassar College|Vassar]], [[Swarthmore College|Swarthmore]], and [[Haverford College|Haverford]]/[[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]] to form the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium, sponsored for over a decade by the [[Keck Foundation]] and now with its student research programs sponsored by the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web| title =The Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium| publisher =Vassar College| url =http://physicsandastronomy.vassar.edu/events.shtml| access-date =2007-09-19| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070917052831/http://physicsandastronomy.vassar.edu/events.shtml| archive-date =2007-09-17| url-status =dead}}</ref> Hopkins Hall serves as the administration building on campus, housing the offices of the president, [[Dean of the Faculty]], [[Registrar (education)|registrar]], and [[provost (education)|provost]], among others. There is a [[Newman Center]] on campus.

{{anchor|Chapin Library}}
The Chapin Library supports the liberal arts curriculum of the college by allowing students close access to a number of rare books and documents of interest. The library opened on June 18, 1923, with an initial collection of 9,000 volumes contributed by alumnus [[Alfred Clark Chapin]], Class of 1869. Over the years, Chapin Library has grown to include over 50,000 volumes (including 3,000 more given by Chapin) as well as 100,000 other artifacts such as [[Printmaking|prints]], photographs, [[map]]s, and [[bookplates]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Chapin Library |publisher=Williams College |url=http://www.williams.edu/resources/chapin/history/history.html |access-date=2007-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826151117/http://www.williams.edu/resources/chapin/history/history.html |archive-date=2007-08-26 |url-status =dead}}</ref> The library is currently located on the fourth floor of the recently reopened Sawyer Library.

The Chapin Library's Americana collection includes original printings of all four founding documents of the United States: the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], the [[Articles of Confederation]], the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]. Additionally it houses George Washington's copy of ''[[The Federalist Papers|The Federalist]]'' and the British reply to the Declaration of Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chapin.williams.edu/exhibits/founding.html|title=The Founding Documents of the United States|first=Chapin|last=Library|access-date=April 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421194000/http://chapin.williams.edu/exhibits/founding.html|archive-date=April 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chapin Library's science collection includes a first edition of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]'s ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'', as well as first editions of books by [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Galileo]], [[Isaac Newton]], and other major figures.<ref name="Chapin">{{cite web|title = Chapin Library Collections|publisher = Williams College|url = http://www.williams.edu/resources/chapin/collect/collect.html|access-date = 2007-09-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070826151000/http://www.williams.edu/resources/chapin/collect/collect.html|archive-date = 2007-08-26|url-status = dead}}</ref>
[[File:Williams_College_Museum_of_Art_-_building_front.jpg|thumb|Lawrence Hall, home of the [[Williams College Museum of Art]]]]
The [[Williams College Museum of Art]] (WCMA), with over 12,000 works (only a fraction of which are displayed at any one time) in its permanent collection, serves as an educational resource for both undergraduates and students in the graduate art history program.<ref name="WCMA">{{cite web |title=Williams College Museum of Art |url=https://artmuseum.williams.edu/ |publisher=Williams College Museum of Art |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202151031/https://artmuseum.williams.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Notable works include ''Morning in a City'' by [[Edward Hopper]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Williams College Museum of Art Presents: Drawing on Hopper |url=https://artmuseum.williams.edu/drawing-on-hopper-gregory-crewdson-edward-hopper/ |publisher=Williams College Museum of Art |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103005355/https://artmuseum.williams.edu/drawing-on-hopper-gregory-crewdson-edward-hopper/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a commissioned wall painting by [[Sol LeWitt]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sol LeWitt |url=https://artmuseum.williams.edu/sol-lewitt/ |publisher=Williams College Museum of Art |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202001519/https://artmuseum.williams.edu/sol-lewitt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a commissioned outdoor sculpture and landscape work by [[Louise Bourgeois]] entitled ''Eyes''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Williams College Museum of Art Williams College Museum of Art to Honor Benefactors to 75th Anniversary Sculpture Installation |url=http://www.wcma.org/press/02/02eyeceremony.shtml |website=Wayback Machine |publisher=Williams College Museum of Art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060809172648/http://www.wcma.org/press/02/02eyeceremony.shtml |access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=August 9, 2006 }}</ref> Because the museum is intended primarily for educational purposes, admission is free for all students.<ref name = "WCMA" />

Located in front of the West College dormitory, the Hopkins gate serves as a memorial to brothers [[Mark Hopkins (educator)|Mark]] and Albert Hopkins. Both made lasting contributions to the Williams College community. Mark was appointed as president of the college in 1836,<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Chronology of Mark Hopkins |url=https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/2/resources/92 |website=ArchivesSpace |publisher=Williams College Archives and Special Collections |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706034337/https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/2/resources/92 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Albert was elected a professor in 1829.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Chronology of Albert Hopkins |url=https://wso.williams.edu/wiki/index.php/Albert_Hopkins |website=Willipedia |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706034338/https://wso.williams.edu/wiki/index.php/Albert_Hopkins |url-status=live }}</ref><br />