Editing William the Lion (section)

== Death and Legacy ==
[[File:C. 1733 Engraving of King Uilliam mac Eanric.jpg|thumb|19th century depiction of William the Lion.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=William I of Scotland ('WiIliam the Lion'), about 1143 - 1214 |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/104916 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=National Galleries of Scotland}}</ref>]]
William died on 4 December 1214 and was succeeded by his son Alexander.<ref name=":1" />

Despite continued dependence on English goodwill, William's reign showed much achievement. He threw himself into government with energy and diligently followed [[Davidian Revolution|the lines laid down by his grandfather, David I]]. [[Scoto-Norman|Anglo-French]] settlements and feudalization were extended, new [[burgh]]s were founded (for example Perth in 1210),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-10-08 |title=Historic royal charter restored |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8296400.stm |access-date=2024-09-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> criminal law was clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs were widened, and trade grew. Traditionally, William is credited with founding [[Arbroath Abbey]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-04 |title=The history of Arbroath Abbey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/taysideandcentralscotland/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8395000/8395721.stm |access-date=2024-09-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> the site of the later [[Declaration of Arbroath]]. The [[Bishop of Argyll|Bishopric of Argyll]] was established (c. 1192) in the same year as [[Cum universi|papal confirmation of the Scottish church]] by [[Pope Celestine III]].

William was not known as "the Lion" during his own lifetime,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linehan |first=P. A. |date=1978 |title=The Posthumous Reputation of King William the Lion of Scotland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529303 |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=57 |issue=164 |pages=182–186 |jstor=25529303 |issn=0036-9241}}</ref> and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail ({{lang|fr|[[Lion (heraldry)|queue fourchée]]}}) on a yellow background. This (with the substitution of a "double tressure fleury counter-fleury" border instead of an orle) went on to become the [[Royal Banner of Scotland]], still used today but [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]] with those of [[Royal arms of England|England]] and of [[Coat of arms of Ireland|Ireland]]. It became attached to him because the chronicler [[John of Fordun]] called him the "Lion of Justice".