Editing William Shockley (section)

===Shockley Semiconductor===
{{Main|Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory}}
In 1956, Shockley started [[Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]] in [[Mountain View, California]], which was close to his elderly mother in Palo Alto, California.<ref>{{cite news |title=Holding On |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/realestate/keymagazine/406Lede-t.html?pagewanted=all |quote=In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. ...|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 6, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63& |quote=The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley's first chip company, William Shockley, moved to Palo Alto, Calif., because his mother lived there. ...|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 13, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2014 }}</ref> The company, a division of [[Beckman Instruments]], Inc., was the first establishment working on silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as [[Silicon Valley]].

Shockley recruited brilliant employees to his company, but alienated them by undermining them relentlessly.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=SFGATE |first=Mike Moffitt |date=2018-08-21 |title=How a racist genius created Silicon Valley by being a terrible boss |url=https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/Silicon-Valley-Shockley-racist-semiconductor-lab-13164228.php |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |title=Electronics Pioneer William Shockley's Legacy |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5573656? |access-date=2022-07-17}}</ref> "He may have been the worst manager in the history of electronics", according to his biographer Joel Shurkin.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Shockley was autocratic, domineering, erratic, hard-to-please, and increasingly paranoid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Silicon Valley {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/silicon/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> In one well-known incident, he demanded [[lie detector]] tests to find the "culprit" after a company secretary suffered a minor cut.<ref name=":8">''Crystal Fire'' p. 247</ref> In late 1957, eight of Shockley's best researchers, who would come to be known as the "[[traitorous eight]]", resigned after Shockley decided not to continue research into silicon-based semiconductors.<ref name="Goodheart2006" /><ref name=":4" /> They went on to form [[Fairchild Semiconductor]], a loss from which Shockley Semiconductor never recovered and which led to its purchase by another company three years later. Over the course of the next 20 years, more than 65 new enterprises would end up having employee connections back to Fairchild.<ref name="NetValley">{{cite web|url=http://www.netvalley.com/silicon_valley/Legal_Bridge_From_El_Dorado_to_Silicon_Valley.html |title=A legal bridge spanning 100 years: from the gold mines of El Dorado to the "golden" startups of Silicon Valley |author=Gregory Gromov}}</ref>

A group of about thirty colleagues have met on and off since 1956 to reminisce about their time with Shockley, "the man who brought silicon to Silicon Valley", as the group's organizer said in 2002.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/02/shockley1023.html|title=William Shockley: still controversial, after all these years|publisher=Stanford University|date=October 22, 2002|author=Dawn Levy|access-date=June 14, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404102748/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/02/shockley1023.html|archive-date=April 4, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>