Editing White supremacy (section)

==== 20th century ====
The denial of social and political freedom to minorities continued into the mid-20th century, resulting in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html |title=50th Anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Panel Discussion at the Black Archives of Mid-America |access-date=October 3, 2015 |publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |date=August 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004044615/http://www.archives.gov/kansas-city/press/2013/13-29.html |archive-date=October 4, 2015 }}</ref> The movement was spurred by the [[lynching]] of [[Emmett Till]], a 14-year-old boy. David Jackson writes it was the image of the "murdered child's ravaged body, that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of [[American racism]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement |url=http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson |access-date=2017-08-05 |website=100 Photographs {{!}} The Most Influential Images of All Time |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706123149/http://100photos.time.com/photos/emmett-till-david-jackson  }}</ref> [[Vann R. Newkirk II]] wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |author-link=Vann R. Newkirk II |title=How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today |language=en-US |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/ |access-date=2017-08-05 |archive-date=July 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213446/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/02/how-the-blood-of-emmett-till-still-stains-america-today/516891/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moved by the image of Till's body in the casket, one hundred days after his murder [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haas |first=Jeffrey |title=The Assassination of Fred Hampton |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-56976-709-2 |location=Chicago |page=17}}</ref>

Sociologist Stephen Klineberg has stated that U.S. immigration laws prior to 1965 clearly "declared that [[Northern European]]s are a superior subspecies of the white race".<ref name="Immigration law" />{{Efn|This quote is by Klineberg in the NPR story, not from the text of any US law.}} The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] opened entry to the U.S. to non-Germanic groups, and significantly altered the demographic mix in the U.S. as a result.<ref name="Immigration law">{{cite news |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=April 6, 2018 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |url-status=live }}</ref> With 38 U.S. states having banned [[interracial marriage]] through [[anti-miscegenation laws]], the last 16 states had such laws in place until 1967 when they were invalidated by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]' decision in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.<ref>[[Earl Warren|Warren, Earl]]. Majority opinion. ''Loving v. Virginia''. ''Documents of American Constitutional and Legal History'', edited by Urofsky and Finkelman, Oxford UP, 2002, p. 779.</ref> These mid-century gains had a major impact on white Americans' political views; segregation and white racial superiority, which had been publicly endorsed in the 1940s, became minority views within the white community by the mid-1970s, and continued to decline in 1990s' polls to a single-digit percentage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations|last1=Schuman|first1=Howard|author-link1=Howard Schuman|last2=Steeh|first2=Charlotte|last3=Bobo|first3=Lawrence|author-link3=Lawrence D. Bobo|last4=Krysan|first4=Maria|date=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-74568-1|pages=103ff|quote=The questions deal with most of the major racial issues that became focal in the middle of the twentieth century: integration of public accommodations, school integration, residential integration, and job discrimination [and] racial intermarriage and willingness to vote for a black presidential candidate. ... The trends that occur for most of the principle items are quite similar and can be illustrated ...using attitudes toward school integration as an example. The figure shows that there has been a massive and continuous movement of the American public from overwhelming acceptance of the ''principle'' of segregated schooling in the early 1940s toward acceptance of the ''principle'' of integrated schooling. ... by 1985, more than nine out of ten chose the pro-integration response.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Pine Forge Press|isbn=978-1-4129-4107-5| last1 = Healey| first1 = Joseph F.| last2 = O'Brien| first2 = Eileen| title = Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Selected Readings| date = May 8, 2007 | quote = In 1942 only 42 percent of a national sample of whites reported that they believed blacks to be equal to whites in innate intelligence; since the late 1950s, however, around 80 percent of [[white Americans]] have rejected the idea of inherent black inferiority.}}</ref> For sociologist [[Howard Winant]], these shifts marked the end of "monolithic white supremacy" in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winant|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Winant|date=1997|title=Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary US Racial Politics|journal=New Left Review|issue=225|page=73|quote=white racial attitudes shifted dramatically in the postwar period. ... So, monolithic white supremacy is over, yet in a more concealed way, white power and privilege live on.|via=Google Books: «Off White: Readings on Power, Privilege, and Resistance»|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22|isbn=978-0-415-94964-4|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307160233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MpLnnmp3IGgC&q=%22Behind+Blue+Eyes%3A+Whiteness+and+Contemporary+US+Racial+%22#v=snippet&q=%22Behind%20Blue%20Eyes%3A%20Whiteness%20and%20Contemporary%20US%20Racial%20%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the mid-1960s, white supremacy remained an important ideology to the [[Radical right (United States)|American far-right]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-3760-0| last1 = Berlet| first1 = Chip| author-link1 = Chip Berlet| last2 = Lyons| first2 = Matthew N.| title = Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort| date = March 8, 2018 | quote = While the [[New Right]] and [[Christian Right]] flourished in the 1970s and 1980s, the Far Right also rebounded... The Far Right—encompassing Ku Klux Klan, neonazi, and related organizations—attracted a much smaller following than the New Right, but its influence reverberated in its encouragement of widespread attacks against members of oppressed groups and in broad-based scapegoating campaigns}}</ref> According to [[Kathleen Belew]], a historian of [[Historical race concepts|race]] and [[racism in the United States]], white militancy shifted after the [[Vietnam War]] from supporting the existing racial order to a more radical position (self-described as "[[White Power|white power]]" or "[[white nationalism]]") committed to overthrowing the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] and establishing a white homeland.<ref name=belew>{{Cite book|isbn=978-0-674-28607-8| last = Belew| first = Kathleen| author-link=Kathleen Belew |title = Bring the war home: The white power movement and paramilitary America| date = 2018 | quote = The white power movement that emerged from the Vietnam era shared some common attributes with earlier racist movements in the United States, but it was no mere echo. Unlike previous iterations of the Ku Klux Klan and white-supremacist vigilantism, the white power movement did not claim to serve the state. Instead, white power made the state its target, declaring war against the federal government in 1983.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121624/https://www.thenation.com/article/declaration-of-war/ |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |title=Declaration of War: The violent rise of white supremacy after Vietnam (How Did Vietnam Transform White Supremacy?) |last=Blanchfield |first=Patrick |date=June 20, 2018 |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=March 12, 2024 |issn=0027-8378}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Such [[Militia organizations in the United States#Opposition to the government|anti-government militia]] organizations are one of three major strands of violent right-wing movements in the United States, with white-supremacist groups (such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[Neo-Nazism in the United States|neo-Nazi]] organizations, and [[White power skinhead|racist skinheads]]) and a [[Fundamentalism|religious fundamentalist]] movement (such as [[Christian Identity]]) being the other two.<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Perliger|first=Arie|date=2012|title=Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America's Violent Far-Right|location=West Point, NY|publisher=Combating Terrorism Center, US Military Academy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year|title=U.S. sees 300 violent attacks inspired by far right every year|date=August 13, 2017|work=PBS NewsHour|access-date=August 11, 2018|archive-date=August 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063804/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-sees-300-violent-attacks-inspired-far-right-every-year|url-status=live}}</ref> Howard Winant writes that, "On the [[far right]] the cornerstone of white identity is belief in an ineluctable, unalterable racialized difference between whites and nonwhites."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winant|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Winant|date=1997|title=Behind Blue Eyes: Whiteness and Contemporary US Racial Politics|journal=New Left Review|issue=225|page=73}}</ref> In the view of philosopher [[Jason Stanley]], white supremacy in the United States is an example of the fascist politics of hierarchy, in that it "demands and implies a perpetual hierarchy" in which whites dominate and control non-whites.<ref>[[Jason Stanley|Stanley, Jason]] (2018). ''How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them''. New York: Random House. p.13. {{Isbn|978-0-52551183-0}}</ref>