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=== Exclusion Crisis === {{main|Exclusion Crisis|Green Ribbon Club}} [[File:Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury.jpg|thumb|[[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury]], painted more than once during his chancellorship in 1672 by [[John Greenhill]]]] Under [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury]]'s leadership, the Whigs (also known as the Country Party) sought to exclude the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] (who later became King James II) from the throne due to his Roman Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism, and his connections to France. They believed the heir presumptive, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty and property.<ref name="Jones">{{cite book |first=J. R. |last=Jones |title=The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678β1683 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961 |oclc=1431479 }}</ref>{{rp|p=4}} The first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] [[legislative session#Procedure in Commonwealth realms|prorogued]] Parliament and then dissolved it, but the subsequent elections in August and September saw the Whigs' strength increase. This new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, but was rejected in the Lords. Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it after only a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], who promised to support him against the Whigs. Without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to government repression following the discovery of the [[Rye House Plot]]. The Whig peers, the [[George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville]], the [[David Leslie-Melville|David Leslie-Melville, Earl of Leven]], and Lord Shaftesbury, and Charles II's illegitimate son the [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth]], being implicated, fled to and regrouped in the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]]. [[Algernon Sidney]], [[Thomas Armstrong (English politician)|Thomas Armstrong]] and [[William Russell, Lord Russell]], were executed for treason. The [[Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]] committed suicide in the Tower of London over his arrest for treason, whilst [[Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville|Lord Grey of Werke]] escaped from the Tower.<ref name="Jones" />{{rp|pp=7β8}}
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