Editing Warsaw (section)

===1800–1939===
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Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created [[List of French client states|French client state]], known as the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] in 1806.<ref name="history" /> Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] assigned Warsaw to [[Congress Poland]], a [[constitutional monarchy]] within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a [[personal union]] with [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]].<ref name="history" /> The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

With the violation of the [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish constitution]], the 1830 [[November Uprising]] broke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.<ref name="history"/> On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.<ref name=Naliwajek/><ref name="obrien"/> Five people were killed. The Underground [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Polish National Government]] resided in Warsaw during the [[January Uprising]] in 1863–64.<ref name="obrien"/>

Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor [[Sokrates Starynkiewicz]] (1875–92), who was appointed by [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer [[William Lindley]] and his son, [[William Heerlein Lindley]], as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.<ref name="history"/> Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough of [[Wola]] was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood [[Młynów, Warsaw|Młynów]]) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622133846/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34885,3653279.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metallurgy|Metallurgical]], textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |title=Wola przemysł|language=pl|access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923145313/https://sarp.warszawa.pl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/H.Radziejowska_Wola_przemys%C5%82.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 250
| image1            = Warszawa. Ul. Marszalkowska. 191- (67220614).jpg
| caption1          = [[Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw|Marszałkowska Street]], before 1920
| image2            = Warszawa, Filharmonia. ante 1906 (12981792) (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = [[National Philharmonic in Warsaw|National Philharmonic]], before 1906
}}

Like [[London]], Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into [[Praga]] or [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]] and [[Solec, Warsaw|Solec]] districts, similar to the [[East End of London]] and [[London Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=warszawa.wyborcza.pl |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622165610/https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/1,34862,17781069,Gentryfikacja_w_Warszawie__nie_patrzec_slepo_na__wzorce.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in [[Muranów]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |title=Żydowska Warszawa. Współcześnie |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622164018/http://www.masaperlowa.pl/zydowska-warszawa-wspolczesnie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Russian Empire Census|Imperial Census]] of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after [[St. Petersburg]] and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |title=Visualizing the 1897 Census in Pie Charts – Russian History Blog |website=russianhistoryblog.org |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085628/http://russianhistoryblog.org/2016/05/visualizing-the-1897-census-in-pie-charts/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the [[Warsaw Philharmonic]], the [[Church of the Holiest Saviour]] and tenements along [[Marszałkowska Street]].

During [[World War I]], Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.<ref name=Wandycz/> Germany did so, and underground leader [[Józef Piłsudski]] returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the [[Second Polish Republic]], the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of the [[Polish–Soviet War]] (1919–1921), the 1920 [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]] was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] and temporarily halted the "[[export of revolution|export of the communist revolution]]" to other parts of Europe.<ref name=Zamoyski/>

The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. New [[modernism|modernist]] housing estates were built in [[Mokotów]] to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only {{convert|124.7|km2|abbr=on}} with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km<sup>2</sup> made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |title=Powierzchnia Warszawy w latach 1921-2008 |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102100/http://datablog.pl/wykres-powierzchnia-warszawy-w-latach-1921-2008/#:~:text=Historyczne%20dane%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego%20Urz%C4%99du%20Statystycznego,ona%20oko%C5%82o%20517%20km%20kwadratowych. |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Średnicowy Bridge]] was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the [[Vistula]]. [[Warszawa Główna railway station]] (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].

[[Stefan Starzyński]] was the [[List of mayors of Warsaw|Mayor of Warsaw]] between 1934 and 1939.