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Władysław II Jagiełło
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==Ruler of Lithuania and Poland== ===Accession=== [[File:Polska 1386 - 1434.png|250px|thumb|Poland and Lithuania 1386–1434{{imagefact|date=December 2022}}]] Władysław II Jagiello and Jadwiga reigned as co-monarchs; and though Jadwiga probably had little real power, she took an active part in Poland's political and cultural life. In 1387, she led two successful military expeditions to [[Red Ruthenia]], recovered lands her father, [[Louis I of Hungary]], had transferred from Poland to Hungary, and secured the homage of Voivode [[Petru I of Moldavia]].<ref name="Jasienica"/> In 1390, she also personally opened negotiations with the Teutonic Order. Most political responsibilities, however, fell to Jagiello, with Jadwiga attending to the cultural and charitable activities for which she is still revered.<ref name="Jasienica"/> Soon after Jagiello acceded to the Polish throne, Jagiello granted [[Vilnius]] a city charter like that of [[Kraków]], modelled on the [[Magdeburg Law]]; and Vytautas issued a privilege to a Jewish commune of [[Trakai]] on almost the same terms as privileges issued to the Jews of Poland in the reigns of [[Bolesław the Pious|Boleslaus the Pious]] and [[Casimir the Great]].<ref name="Jasienica-legal"/> Władysław's policy of unifying the two legal systems was partial and uneven at first but achieved a lasting influence.<ref name="Jasienica"/> By the time of the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569, there was not much difference between the administrative and judicial systems in force in Lithuania and Poland.<ref name="dvornik4"/> One effect of Jagiello's measures was to be the advancement of Catholics in Lithuania at the expense of Orthodox elements; in 1387 and 1413, for example, Lithuanian Catholic boyars were granted special judicial and political privileges denied to the Orthodox boyars.<ref name="magocsi"/> As this process gained momentum, it was accompanied by the rise of both Rus' and Lithuanian identity in the fifteenth century.<ref name="plokhy-98"/> ===Challenges=== [[File:Lithuanian Denar of Jogaila with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas), minted in 1388–1392.jpg|thumb|upright=0.66|Lithuanian [[Denar]] of Jogaila (minted in 1388–1392) with [[Coat of arms of Lithuania|Vytis (Pahonia)]]]] Jagiello's baptism failed to end the [[crusade]] of the Teutonic Knights, who claimed his conversion was a sham, perhaps even heresy, and renewed their incursions on the pretext that [[pagan]]s remained in Lithuania.<ref name="Jones"/><ref name="Housley"/> From then on, however, the Order found it harder to sustain the cause of a crusade and faced the growing threat to its existence posed by the Kingdom of Poland and a genuinely Christian Lithuania alliance.<ref name="Sedlar"/><ref name="turnbull"/> Władysław sponsored the creation of the [[diocese of Vilnius]] under [[bishop of Vilnius|bishop]] [[Andrzej Wasilko]], the former confessor of [[Elizabeth of Poland]]. The bishopric, which included Samogitia, then largely controlled by the Teutonic Order, was subordinated to the see of [[Gniezno]] and not to that of Teutonic [[Königsberg]].<ref name="Jones"/> The decision may not have improved Władysław's relations with the Order, but it served to introduce closer ties between Lithuania and Poland, enabling the Polish church to freely assist its Lithuanian counterpart.<ref name="Kłoczowski"/> In 1389, Władysław's rule in Lithuania faced a revived challenge from Vytautas, who resented the power given to [[Skirgaila]] in Lithuania at the expense of his own patrimony.<ref name=Mick/> Vytautas started a [[Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)|civil war in Lithuania]], aiming to become the Grand Duke. On 4 September 1390, the joint forces of Vytautas and Grand Master [[Konrad von Wallenrode]] of the Teutonic Order, laid siege to Vilnius, which was held by Władysław's regent Skirgaila with combined Polish, Lithuanian and Ruthenian troops.<ref name="Bojtar"/> Although the Knights lifted the siege of the castle after a month, they reduced much of the outer city to ruins. This bloody conflict was eventually brought to a temporary halt in 1392 with the [[Treaty of Ostrów]], by which Władysław handed over the government of Lithuania to his cousin in exchange for peace: Vytautas was to rule Lithuania as the grand duke (''magnus dux'') until his death, under the overlordship of the Supreme Duke (''dux supremus'') in the person of the Polish monarch.<ref name="rowell"/> Skirgaila was moved from the [[Duchy of Trakai]] to become prince of Kiev.<ref name="stone5"/> Vytautas initially accepted his status but soon began to pursue Lithuania's independence from Poland.<ref name="Jasienica"/><ref name="Dvornik"/> The protracted period of war between the Lithuanians and the Teutonic Knights was ended on 12 October 1398 by the [[Treaty of Salynas]], named after the islet in the [[Neman River]] where it was signed. Lithuania agreed to cede Samogitia and assist the Teutonic Order in a campaign to seize [[Pskov]], while the Order agreed to assist Lithuania in a campaign to seize [[Novgorod]].<ref name="Jasienica"/> Shortly afterwards, Vytautas was crowned as a king by local nobles; but the following year his forces and those of his ally, Khan [[Tokhtamysh]] of the [[White Horde]], were crushed by the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]] at the [[Battle of the Vorskla River]], ending his imperial ambitions in the east and obliging him to submit to Władysław's protection once more.<ref name="Bojtar"/><ref name="Dvornik"/>
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