Editing Vocative case (section)

====Lithuanian====

The vocative is distinct in singular and identical to the nominative in the plural, for all inflected nouns. Nouns with a nominative singular ending in ''-a'' have a vocative singular usually identically written but distinct in accentuation.

In Lithuanian, the form that a given noun takes depends on its declension class and, sometimes, on its gender. There have been several changes in history, the last being the ''-ai'' ending formed between the 18th and 19th centuries. The older forms are listed under "other forms".

{| class="wikitable"
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |'''Masculine nouns'''
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Nominative
 ! colspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Vocative
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Translation
! rowspan="2" |'''Feminine nouns'''
! rowspan="2" |Nominative
! colspan="2" |Vocative
! rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
!Current standard
!Other forms
!Current standard
!Other forms
|-
 |o-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vilkas}}
 |{{lang|lt|vilke!}}
 |
 |wolf
|a-stems
|{{lang|lt|tautà}} [sg.]
|{{lang|lt|taũta!}}
|
|people
 |-
 |jo-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vėjas}}
 |{{lang|lt|vėjau!}}
 |Old Lith. {{lang|lt|vėje!}}
 |wind
|e-stems
|{{lang|lt|katė}}
|{{lang|lt|kate!}}
|
|cat
 |-
 |ijo-stems
 |{{lang|lt|gaidys}}
 |{{lang|lt|gaidy!}}
 |
 |rooster
|i-stems
|{{lang|lt|avis}}
|{{lang|lt|avie!}}
|
|sheep
 |-
 |a-stems
 |{{lang|lt|viršilà}}
 |{{lang|lt|viršìla!}}
 |
 |sergeant-major
|r-stems
|{{lang|lt|duktė}}
|{{lang|lt|dukterie!}}
|{{lang|lt|dukter!}}
|daughter
 |-
 |e-stems
 |{{lang|lt|dėdė}}
 |{{lang|lt|dėde!}}
 |
 |uncle
|irregular
|{{lang|lt|marti}}
|{{lang|lt|marti/marčia!}}
|
|daughter-in-law
 |-
 |i-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vagis}}
 |{{lang|lt|vagie!}}
 |
 |thief
|'''proper names'''
|{{lang|lt|Dalià}}
|{{lang|lt|Dãlia!}}
|
|
 |-
 |u-stems
 |{{lang|lt|sūnus}}
 |{{lang|lt|sūnau!}}
 |
 |son
|'''diminutives'''
|{{lang|lt|sesutė}}
|{{lang|lt|sesut(e)!}}
|
|little sister
 |-
 |n-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vanduo}}
 |{{lang|lt|vandenie!}}
 |{{lang|lt|vanden!}}
 |water
|
|
|
|
|
 |-
 |'''proper names'''
 |{{lang|lt|Jonas}}
 |{{lang|lt|Jonai!}}
 |Old Lith. {{lang|lt|Jone!}}
 |John
|
|
|
|
|
 |-
 |'''diminutives'''
 |{{lang|lt|sūnelis}}
 |{{lang|lt|sūneli!}}
 |
 |little son
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Some nouns of the e- and a- stems declensions (both proper ones and not) are stressed differently: "aikš'''tė'''": "'''aikš'''te!" (''square''); "tau'''ta":''' "'''tau'''ta!". In addition, nouns of e-stems have an [[ablaut]] of long vowel '''ė''' in nominative and short vowel '''e ''' {{IPA|/ɛ/}}  in vocative. In pronunciation, '''ė''' is [[close-mid vowel]] {{IPAblink|eː}}, and '''e''' is open-mid vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.

The vocative of diminutive nouns with the suffix ''-(i)ukas'' most frequently has no ending: ''broliùk'' "brother!", etc. A less frequent alternative is the ending ''-ai'', which is also slightly dialectal: ''broliùkai'', etc.

Colloquially, some personal names with a masculine ''-(i)(j)o'' stem and diminutives with the suffixes ''-elis, -ėlis'' have an alternative vocative singular form characterized by a zero ending (i.e. the stem alone acts as the voc. sg.): ''Adõm'' "Adam!" in addition to ''Adõmai'', ''Mýkol'' "Michael!" in addition to ''Mýkolai'', ''vaikẽl'' "kid!" in addition to ''vaikẽli'', etc.