Editing Vitamin deficiency (section)

===Fat-soluble vitamins===
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! Vitamin !! Symptoms & Diagnosis !! Information
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|[[Vitamin A deficiency]] ||Can cause [[nyctalopia]] (night blindness) and [[keratomalacia]], the latter leading to permanent blindness if not treated. The normal range is 30 to 65&nbsp;μg/dL, but [[Blood plasma|plasma]] concentrations within the range are not a good indicator of a pending deficiency because the normal range is sustained until liver storage is depleted. After that happens, plasma [[retinol]] concentration falls to lower than 20&nbsp;μg/dL, signifying a state of vitamin A inadequacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/vitamin-a-deficiency/ |title=Vitamin A Deficiency and Supplementation UNICEF Data |date=2018 |access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="ods">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin A |url=http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=2016|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=DRI-A>[https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/6 Vitamin A] of [http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dri-reports/vitamin-vitamin-k-arsenic-boron-chromium-copper-iodine-iron-manganese Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803032420/http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dri-reports/vitamin-vitamin-k-arsenic-boron-chromium-copper-iodine-iron-manganese |date=3 August 2013 }}, Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, pages 82–161. 2001</ref> || It is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, afflicting 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world each year, about half of whom die within a year of becoming blind, as vitamin A deficiency also weakens the [[immune system]].
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|[[Vitamin D deficiency]] ||  Usually asymptomatic, causes reduced bone density ([[osteomalacia]]), rickets, myopathy, and is associated with the development of [[schizophrenia]]. It is typically diagnosed by measuring the concentration of the [[Calcifediol|25-hydroxyvitamin D]] (25(OH)D) in plasma, which is the most accurate measure of stores of vitamin D in the body. Deficiency is defined as less than 10&nbsp;ng/mL, and insufficiency in the range of 10–30&nbsp;ng/mL. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 30&nbsp;ng/mL are "not consistently associated with increased benefit." Serum concentrations above 50&nbsp;ng/mL may be cause for concern. || Common, most foods do not contain vitamin D, indicating that a deficiency will occur unless people get sunlight exposure or eat manufactured foods purposely fortified with vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a known cause of [[rickets]], and has been linked to numerous other health problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin D|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/|publisher=NIH Office of Dietary Supplements|access-date=2 February 2019|date=2016}}</ref><ref name=DRI-D>{{cite book |vauthors = Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB | title = Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D | publisher = National Academies Press | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2011 | doi = 10.17226/13050 | pmid = 21796828 | isbn = 978-0-309-16394-1 | s2cid = 58721779 | url =http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13050}}</ref>
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|[[Vitamin E deficiency]] || Causes poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine.asp|title=Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Vitamin E|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=2016|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-date=13 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813140742/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DRI-E>{{cite book | title = Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids |chapter = Vitamin E | publisher = The National Academies Press |year = 2000 | location = Washington, DC |pages = 186–283 |doi = 10.17226/9810 |pmid = 25077263 |isbn = 978-0-309-06935-9 |chapter-url = https://www.nap.edu/read/9810/chapter/8|author1 = Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants Related Compounds }}</ref> The US Institute of Medicine defines deficiency as a blood concentration of less than 12 μmol/L.|| Rare, occurring as a consequence of abnormalities in dietary fat absorption or metabolism, such as a defect in the [[alpha-tocopherol]] [[transport protein]], rather than from a diet low in vitamin E.
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|[[Vitamin K deficiency]] ||Signs and symptoms can include sensitivity to bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women.<ref>{{cite web |title = Vitamin K |publisher = Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR | date=2014 |url = http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminK/ |access-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=DRI-K>{{cite book|chapter=Vitamin K|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/7 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc|publisher=National Academy Press|date=2001|pages=162–196|doi=10.17226/10026 |pmid=25057538 |isbn=978-0-309-07279-3 |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients }}</ref>  ||Rare as consequence of low dietary intake. A deficient state can be a result of fat malabsorption diseases. Newborn infants are a special case. Plasma vitamin K is low at birth, even if the mother is supplemented during pregnancy, because the vitamin is not transported across the placenta. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) due to physiologically low vitamin K plasma concentrations is a serious risk for premature and term newborn and young infants. Untreated, consequences can cause brain damage or death. The prevalence of VKDB is reported at 0.25 to 1.7%, with higher risk in Asian populations. The recommended prevention treatment is an [[intramuscular injection]] of 1&nbsp;mg of vitamin K at birth (called the ''Vitamin K shot.'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/KVitamin.html |title=Vitamin K Shot – Essential in Preventing Serious Bleeding in Newborns |date=2017|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> There are protocols for oral administration, but intramuscular injection is preferred.<ref name=Mihatsch2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mihatsch WA, Braegger C, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Fewtrell M, Mis NF, Hojsak I, Hulst J, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Mlgaard C, Embleton N, van Goudoever J |s2cid=4499477 |title=Prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Newborn Infants: A Position Paper by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |date=2016 |pmid=27050049 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0000000000001232 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/134095/1/MihatschWA_2016.pdf}}</ref>
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