Editing Vine (section)

==Scientific description==
{{Expert needed|plants|section|talk=|reason=It is the work of a student editor, it needs verification, and may be overly technical for this article|date=May 2018}}
Vines widely differ in size, form and evolutionary origin. Darwin classified climbing groups based on their climbing method. He classified five classes of vines – twining plants, leaf climbers, tendril bearers, root climbers and hook climbers.

Vines are remarkable in that they have multiple evolutionary origins. They usually reside in tropical locations and have the unique ability to climb. Vines are able to grow in both deep shade and full sun due to their uniquely wide range of [[phenotypic plasticity]]. This climbing action prevents shading by neighbors and allows the vine to grow out of reach of herbivores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gianoli |first1=Ernesto |last2=Molina-Montenegro|first2=Marco A. |title=Leaf Damage Induces Twining in a Climbing Plant |date=2005 |journal=The New Phytologist |volume=167|issue=2 |pages=385–90|jstor=3694507 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01484.x |pmid=15998392|doi-access=free |bibcode=2005NewPh.167..385G }}</ref> The environment where a vine can grow successfully is determined by the climbing mechanism of a vine and how far it can spread across supports. There are many theories supporting the idea that photosynthetic responses are closely related to climbing mechanisms.
[[Image:Bigvine.jpg|thumb|right|A large ''[[Apios]]'' vine on the street in [[Sochi]], Russia]]
Temperate twining vines, which twist tightly around supports, are typically poorly adapted for climbing beneath closed canopies due to their smaller support diameter and shade intolerance. In contrast, tendril vines usually grow on the forest floor and onto trees until they reach the surface of the canopy, suggesting that they have greater physiological plasticity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carter |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Teramura|first2=Alan H. |title=Vine Photosynthesis and Relationships to Climbing Mechanisms in a Forest Understory |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=1988|volume=75|issue=7|pages=1101 |doi=10.2307/2443769|jstor=2443769}}</ref> It has also been suggested that twining vines' revolving growth is mediated by changes in [[turgor pressure]] mediated by volume changes in the [[epidermal cells]] of the bending zone.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Millet|first1=B.|last2=Melin|first2=D.|last3=Badot|first3=P.-M. |title=Circumnutation in Phaseolus vulgaris. I. Growth, osmotic potential and cell ultrastructure in the free moving part of the shoot|journal=Physiologia Plantarum|date=1988|volume=72|issue=1 |pages=133–138|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb06634.x|bibcode=1988PPlan..72..133M }}</ref>

Climbing vines can take on many unique characteristics in response to changes in their environments. Climbing vines can induce chemical defenses and modify their biomass allocation in response to herbivores. In particular, the twisting vine ''[[Convolvulus arvensis]]'' increases its twining in response to herbivore-associated leaf damage, which may lead to reduced future herbivory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Molina-Montenegro|first1=Marco A.|last2=Gianoli|first2=Ernesto|last3=Becerra|first3=José|title=Interactive Effects of Leaf Damage, Light Intensity and Support Availability on Chemical Defenses and Morphology of a Twining Vine|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=2007|volume=33|issue=1|pages=95–103|doi=10.1007/s10886-006-9215-8|pmid=17111219|bibcode=2007JCEco..33...95G |s2cid=27419071}}</ref> Additionally, the tendrils of [[perennial]] vine ''Cayratia japonica'' are more likely to coil around nearby plants of another species than nearby plants of the same species in natural and experimental settings. This ability, which has only been previously documented in roots, demonstrates the vine's ability to distinguish whether another plant is of the same species as itself or a different one.

In tendrilled vines, the tendrils are highly sensitive to touch and the coiling action is mediated by the hormones octadecanoids, [[jasmonate]]s and [[indole-3-acetic acid]]. The touch stimulus and hormones may interact via volatile compounds or internal oscillation patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fukano|first1=Yuya|last2=Yamawo|first2=Akira |title=Self-discrimination in the tendrils of the vine is mediated by physiological connection |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=26 August 2015 |volume=282|issue=1814|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.1379 |pmid=26311669|pmc=4571702|page=20151379}}</ref> Research has found the presence of ion translocating [[ATPase]]s in the ''Bryonia dioica'' species of plants, which has implications for a possible ion mediation tendril curling mechanism. In response to a touch stimulus, [[vanadate]]-sensitive K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> ATPase and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-translocating ATPases rapidly increase their activity. This increases transmembrane ion fluxes that appear to be involved in the early stages of tendril coiling.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liß|first1=H.|last2=Weiler|first2=E. W.|title=Ion-translocating ATPases in tendrils of ''Bryonia dioica'' Jacq.|journal=Planta|date=July 1994|volume=194|issue=2|pages=169–180|doi=10.1007/BF00196385|jstor=23383001|s2cid=25162242}}</ref>