Editing Veto (section)

=== Emergence of modern vetoes ===
[[File:P588 William III. giving his royal assent to the toleration act.jpg|thumb|[[William III of England]] granting royal assent to the [[Toleration Act 1688]].]]

The modern executive veto derives from the European institution of [[royal assent]], in which the monarch's consent was required for bills to become law. This in turn had evolved from earlier royal systems in which laws were simply issued by the monarch, as was the case for example in England until the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] in the 14th century.{{sfn|Watson|1987|p=403}} In England itself, the power of the monarch to deny royal assent was not used after 1708, but it was used extensively in the British colonies. The heavy use of this power was mentioned in the [[U.S. Declaration of Independence]] in 1776.{{sfn|Watson|1987|p=404}}

Following the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, the royal veto was hotly debated, and hundreds of proposals were put forward for different versions of the royal veto, as either absolute, suspensive, or nonexistent.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | journal = Journal of the Western Society for French History
  | title = What was "Absolute" about the "Absolute veto"? Ideas of National Sovereignty and Royal Power in September 1789
  | author-first = Robert 
  | author-last = Blackman
  | volume = 32
  | year = 2004
  | hdl = 2027/spo.0642292.0032.008
 | url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0032.008
}}</ref> With the adoption of the [[French Constitution of 1791]], King [[Louis XVI]] lost his absolute veto and acquired the power to issue a suspensive veto that could be overridden by a majority vote in two successive sessions of the Legislative Assembly, which would take four to six years.<ref name="longman-2014">{{Cite book
  | title = The Longman Companion to the French Revolution
  | author-first = Colin 
  | author-last = Jones
  | publisher = Routledge
  | year = 2014
  | page = 67
  | isbn = 9781317870807 
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xcXKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
}}</ref> With the abolition of the monarchy in 1792, the question of the French royal veto became moot.<ref name="longman-2014"/>

The presidential veto was conceived in by [[classical republicanism|republicans]] in the 18th and 19th centuries as a counter-majoritarian tool, limiting the power of a legislative majority.{{sfn|Bulmer|2017|pp=12-13}} Some republican thinkers such as [[Thomas Jefferson]], however, argued for eliminating the veto power entirely as a relic of monarchy.{{sfn|Bulmer|2017|p=13}} To avoid giving the president too much power, most early presidential vetoes, such as the [[veto power in the United States]], were qualified vetoes that the legislature could override.{{sfn|Bulmer|2017|p=13}} But this was not always the case: the Chilean constitution of 1833, for example, gave that country's president an absolute veto.{{sfn|Bulmer|2017|p=13}}