Editing Venom (section)

===Arthropods===
Venomous arthropods include [[spider]]s, which use fangs on their [[chelicerae]] to [[spider bite|inject venom]], and [[centipede]]s, which use {{nowrap|[[forcipule]]s{{tsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}}}}modified {{nowrap|legs{{tsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}}}}to deliver venom, while [[scorpion]]s and stinging [[insect]]s inject venom with a sting. In [[bee]]s and [[wasp]]s, the stinger is a modified [[ovipositor]] (egg-laying device). In ''[[Polistes fuscatus]]'', the female continuously releases a venom that contains a sex pheromone that induces copulatory behavior in males.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Post Downing |first=Jeanne |year=1983 |title=Venom: Source of a Sex Pheromone in the Social Wasp Polistes fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1007/bf00988043 |pmid=24407344 |bibcode=1983JCEco...9..259P |s2cid=32612635 }}</ref> In <!--many -->wasps such as ''[[Polistes exclamans]]'', venom is used as an alarm pheromone, coordinating a response from the nest and attracting nearby wasps to attack the predator.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Post Downing |first=Jeanne  |year=1984 |title=Alarm response to venom by social wasps Polistes exclamans and P. fuscatus |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1425–1433 |doi=10.1007/BF00990313 |pmid=24318343 |s2cid=38398672 }}</ref> In some species, such as ''[[Parischnogaster striatula]]'',  venom is applied all over the body as an antimicrobial protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=From individual to collective immunity: The role of the venom as antimicrobial agent in the Stenogastrinae wasp societies |last=Baracchi |first=David |date=January 2012 |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.007 |pmid=22108024 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=188–193 |bibcode=2012JInsP..58..188B |hdl=2158/790328 |s2cid=206185438 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Many [[caterpillar]]s have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles on the body called [[urtication|urticating hairs]]. These are usually merely irritating, but those of the ''[[Lonomia]]'' moth can be fatal to humans.<ref name="PintoBergerReckTerra 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Pinto |first1=Antônio F. M. |last2=Berger |first2=Markus |last3=Reck |first3=José |last4=Terra |first4=Renata M. S. |last5=Guimarães |first5=Jorge A. |title=Lonomia obliqua venom: In vivo effects and molecular aspects associated with the hemorrhagic syndrome |journal=Toxicon |volume=56 |issue=7 |date=15 December 2010 |pmid=20114060 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.013 |pages=1103–1112|bibcode=2010Txcn...56.1103P }}</ref>

Bees synthesize and employ an acidic venom ([[apitoxin]]) to defend their hives and food stores, whereas wasps use a chemically different venom to paralyse prey, so their prey remains alive to provision the food chambers of their young. The use of venom is much more widespread than just these examples; many other insects, such as [[Hemiptera|true bug]]s and many [[ant]]s, also produce venom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Touchard |first1=Axel |last2=Aili |first2=Samira |last3=Fox |first3=Eduardo |last4=Escoubas |first4=Pierre |last5=Orivel |first5=Jérôme |last6=Nicholson |first6=Graham |last7=Dejean |first7=Alain |display-authors=3 |date=20 January 2016 |title=The Biochemical Toxin Arsenal from Ant Venoms |journal=Toxins |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=30 |doi=10.3390/toxins8010030 |pmid=26805882 |pmc=4728552 |issn=2072-6651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ant species ''[[Polyrhachis dives]]'' uses venom [[topically]] for the sterilisation of pathogens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graystock |first1=Peter |last2=Hughes |first2=William O. H. |title=Disease resistance in a weaver ant, Polyrhachis dives, and the role of antibiotic-producing glands |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s00265-011-1242-y |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=2319–2327|bibcode=2011BEcoS..65.2319G |s2cid=23234351 }}</ref>