Editing Venera (section)

===Venera 7===
{{Main|Venera 7}}
[[File:Venera-7.jpg|thumb|Model of Venera 7 lander in the Cosmos Pavilion, [[VDNKh (Russia)|VDNKh]]]]
The [[Venera 7]] probe, launched in August 1970, was the first one designed to survive Venus's surface conditions and to make a [[soft landing (rocketry)|soft landing]]. Massively overbuilt to ensure survival, it had few experiments on board, and scientific output from the mission was further limited due to an internal switchboard failure that stuck in the "transmit temperature" position. Still, the control scientists succeeded in extrapolating the pressure (90 atm) from the temperature data with {{convert|465|°C}}, which resulted from the first direct surface measurements. The Doppler measurements of the Venera 4 to 7 probes were the first evidence of the existence of zonal winds with high speeds of up to 100 metres per second (330 ft/s, 362&nbsp;km/h, 225 mph) in the Venusian atmosphere ([[atmosphere of Venus#Circulation|super rotation]]). Along with the pressure and temperature data acquired Venera 7 also measured atmospheric composition.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Marov |first=M.Ya. |date=1972 |title=Venus: A perspective at the beginning of planetary exploration |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0019103572900942 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=415–461 |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(72)90094-2|bibcode=1972Icar...16..415M }}</ref><ref name="fegley" />

Venera 7's parachute failed shortly before landing very close to the surface. It impacted at {{convert|17|m/s}} and toppled over, but survived. This caused antenna misalignment making the radio signal very weak, but it was detected (with temperature telemetry) for 23 more minutes before its batteries expired. Thus, it became, on 15 December 1970, the first human-made probe to transmit data from the surface of Venus.
<!--http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/venera7_000817.html says the failure was {{convert|10|m}} above the surface, but http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin1.htm says it was minutes before impact. Which is right?-->