Editing University of Rochester (section)

===Twentieth century===
The first female students were admitted in 1900, the result of an effort led by famous suffragist [[Susan B. Anthony]] and [[Helen Barrett Montgomery]]. During the 1890s, a number of women took classes and labs at the university as "visitors" but were not officially enrolled nor were their records included in the college register. President [[David Jayne Hill]] allowed the first woman, Helen E. Wilkinson, to enroll as a normal student, although she was not allowed to matriculate or pursue a degree. Thirty-three women enrolled among the first class in 1900, and Ella S. Wilcoxen was the first to receive a degree, in 1901.<ref name="May, Arthur J. 1977">May, Arthur J. (1977) ''A History of the university of Rochester'', Princeton: Princeton University</ref> The first female member of the faculty was [[Elizabeth Denio]] who retired as Professor Emeritus in 1917. Male students moved to River Campus upon its completion in 1930 while the female students remained on the Prince Street campus until 1955.

Anthony's work left a lasting impression on the university, with multiple awards, buildings and centers being named after her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Susan B. Anthony Center |url=https://www.rochester.edu/sba/ |access-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006024548/https://www.rochester.edu/sba/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First-Year Hill |url=https://www.rochester.edu/reslife/first-year/first-year-hill.html#sue- |access-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006023045/https://www.rochester.edu/reslife/first-year/first-year-hill.html#sue- |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Expansion ====
Major growth occurred under the leadership of [[Benjamin Rush Rhees]] over his 1900–1935 tenure. During this period, George Eastman became a major donor, giving more than $50 million to the university during his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/3598|title=University of Rochester Library Bulletin: George Eastman and the University of Rochester, His Role, His Influence RBSCP| website=rbscp.lib.rochester.edu|language=en|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143611/http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/3598|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the patronage of Eastman, the Eastman School of Music was created in 1921. In 1925, at the behest of the [[General Education Board]] and with significant support from [[John D. Rockefeller]], George Eastman, and [[Henry A. Strong]]'s family, medical and dental schools were created.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/smd/about/history.aspx|title=History - School of Medicine and Dentistry - University of Rochester Medical Center - University of Rochester Medical Center|website=www.urmc.rochester.edu|language=en|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143555/https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/smd/about/history.aspx|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/dentistry/about/history.aspx|title=History of Eastman Dental - Eastman Institute of Oral Health - University of Rochester Medical Center|website=www.urmc.rochester.edu|language=en|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143552/https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/dentistry/about/history.aspx|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The university awarded its first [[PhD]] that same year.

During [[World War II]], Rochester was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="rochester-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://mcnygenealogy.com/book/news-uofr-4.htm |title=The News about the University of Rochester, 1944 |publisher=GenWeb Monroe County |access-date=September 25, 2011 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402150407/http://mcnygenealogy.com/book/news-uofr-4.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1942, the university was invited to join the [[Association of American Universities]] as an affiliate member and it was made a full member by 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/2335|title=University of Rochester History: Chapter 29, The Impact of Pearl Harbor RBSCP |website=rbscp.lib.rochester.edu|language=en|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143607/http://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/2335|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1946 and 1947, in infamous [[Human experimentation in the United States#Uranium experiments|uranium experiments]], researchers at the university injected [[uranium-234]] and [[uranium-235]] into six people to study how much uranium their kidneys could tolerate before becoming damaged.<ref name="goliszek-136-137">Goliszek, 2003: pp. 136–137</ref> In 1955, the separate colleges for men and women were merged into the college on the River Campus. In 1958, three new schools were created in engineering, business administration, and education.<ref>[http://www.rochester.edu/aboutus/history.html University of Rochester:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233815/http://www.rochester.edu/aboutus/history.html |date=March 3, 2016 }} History and Distinctions</ref> With guidance provided by [[Lewis White Beck]] at this time, the university also acquired widespread international recognition for the excellence of its Ph.D. program in Philosophy as well as close research collaborations with [[Kantian]] scholars throughout Germany and the United States.<ref name="RCL2022">{{cite web | first = Vincent | last = Tanzi | title=Leafing Through Lewis White Beck's Career and Mind | website=River Campus Libraries | date=September 29, 2022 | url=https://www.library.rochester.edu/rbscp/blog/leafing-through-lewis-white-becks-career-and-mind}}</ref><ref>[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/kant.1997.88.4.385/html?lang=en "Lewis White Beck in memoriam". Seebohm, Thomas M. Kant-Studien  88. Jahrg.,  S. 38 1997 Lewis White Beck Memoriam on Google]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2106957?seq=1 "Proceedings of the Third International Kant Congress" Beck, Lewis White.''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'' Vol. 33, No. 3 (Mar., 1973), pp. 429–431 Lewis White Beck North American Kant Society on Google]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3130967 ''Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association'', Vol. 71, No. 5 (May, 1998), " Memorial Minutes: Lewis White Beck 1913-1997 pp. 135-136 Lewis White Beck on JSTOR.org]</ref>  The Graduate School of Management was named after [[William E. Simon]], former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] in 1986. He committed significant funds to the school because of his belief in the school's free market philosophy and grounding in economic analysis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/29/business/a-school-to-simon-s-liking.html|title=A School to Simon's Liking|last=Schmitt|first=Eric|date=October 29, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 5, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093140/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/29/business/a-school-to-simon-s-liking.html|archive-date=December 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Under the leadership of [[William H. Riker|William Riker]], the Department of Political Science at Rochester went from a six-person faculty with no graduate program to one of the most exciting political science departments in the United States. Riker established a new undergraduate program and trained an extraordinary number of graduate students. What emerged at Rochester, in the words of [[University of Georgia]]'s [[Keith T. Poole]] and Princeton's [[Howard Rosenthal (political scientist)|Howard Rosenthal]], was "the best doctoral program in political science in the world." According to [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] professors [[Nelson W. Polsby|Nelson Polby]] and [[Eric Schickler|Eric Shickler]], Rochester professor [[Richard Fenno]] "contributed more to the understanding of the U.S. Congress than any other scholar in the more than 200 years since the founding of the American nation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.sas.rochester.edu/psc/about/index.html |access-date=October 4, 2023 |website=www.sas.rochester.edu |language=en-US |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003003949/http://www.sas.rochester.edu/psc/about/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Name change controversy ====
Following the princely gifts given throughout his life, George Eastman left the entirety of his estate to the university after his death by suicide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V52/PDF/V52-N15.pdf|title=Eastman dies by own hand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810114423/http://tech.mit.edu/V52/PDF/V52-N15.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The total of these gifts surpassed $100 million, before inflation, and, as such, Rochester enjoyed a privileged position amongst the most well-endowed universities. During the expansion years between 1936 and 1976,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Jarrell|first1=Gregg |last2=Dorkey |first2=Frank C. |date=November 1993|title=University of Rochester's Endowment Fund Review |website=University of Rochester |url=https://urresearch.rochester.edu/fileDownloadForInstitutionalItem.action?itemId=4419&itemFileId=6639}}</ref> the University of Rochester's financial position ranked third, near [[Harvard University]]'s endowment and the [[University of Texas System]]'s [[Permanent University Fund]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Secrets of the Academy: The Drivers of University Endowment Success|first1=Jialan|last1=Wang|first2=Antoinette|last2=Schoar|first3=Josh|last3=Lerner|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=22|issue=3|pages=207–222|doi=10.1257/jep.22.3.207|year=2008|s2cid=17968423|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w14341.pdf|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211234418/https://www.nber.org/papers/w14341.pdf|archive-date=December 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to financial mismanagement combined with a decline in the value of large investments and a lack of portfolio diversity, the university's place dropped to the top 25 by the end of the 1980s.<ref name=":3" /> At the same time, the preeminence of the city of Rochester's major employers began to decline.

In response, the university commissioned a study to determine if the name of the institution should be changed to "Eastman University" or "Eastman Rochester University". The study concluded a name change could be beneficial because the use of a place name in the title led respondents to incorrectly believe it was a public university, and because the name "Rochester" connoted a "cold and distant outpost." Reports of the latter conclusion led to controversy and criticism in the Rochester community. Ultimately, the name "University of Rochester" was retained.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19860217&id=rAkhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TXIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1098,70161] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101194032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19860217&id=rAkhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TXIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1098,70161|date=January 1, 2016}}, University of Rochester Urged to Change Name</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120715204855/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19860419&id=_mxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pQoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3151,5556624] What's in a Name? Plenty, Argue University's Alumni</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/25/nyregion/our-towns-change-of-image-in-cold-and-distant-outpost.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013080733/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/25/nyregion/our-towns-change-of-image-in-cold-and-distant-outpost.html|date=October 13, 2016}} Our Towns--Change of Image in "Cold and Distant Outpost</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FFovBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22cold+and+distant+outpost%22&pg=PA165] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918205651/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFovBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22cold+and+distant+outpost%22&pg=PA165|date=September 18, 2023}} Pieterse, "Our Work Is But Begun: A History of the University of Rochester 1850-2005" (Boydell & Brewer, 2014), pg. 165</ref>

In response, University President [[Thomas H. Jackson]] announced the launch of a "Renaissance Plan" for the college that reduced enrollment from 4,500 to 3,600, creating a more selective admissions process.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpbm.org/publicoutreach/roch-ap2|title=Appendix 2: Letter to Rochester Faculty from President Jackson, Provost Phelps, and Dean Aslin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231244/https://www.jpbm.org/publicoutreach/roch-ap2|archive-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> The plan also revised the undergraduate curriculum significantly, creating the current system with only one required course and only a few distribution requirements, known as clusters.<ref>[http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=1838 Rochester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623100036/http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=1838 |date=June 23, 2013 }}, Press Release: Rochester Renaissance Plan for The College</ref> Part of this plan called for the end of graduate doctoral studies in chemical engineering, comparative literature, linguistics, and mathematics,<ref name=":4" /> the last of which was met by national outcry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/publications/journals/notices/199603/rochester.pdf|title=Downsizing at Rochester: Mathematics Ph.D. Program Cut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623212529/http://www.ams.org/publications/journals/notices/199603/rochester.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arenson|first=Karen W.|date=February 4, 1996|title=Fears That Loss of a Math Ph.D. Program Figures in a Bigger Equation|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/nyregion/fears-that-loss-of-a-math-phd-program-figures-in-a-bigger-equation.html|access-date=January 29, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162856/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/nyregion/fears-that-loss-of-a-math-phd-program-figures-in-a-bigger-equation.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arenson|first=Karen W.|date=March 29, 1996|title=Cut in Math Program Is Reversed At the University of Rochester|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/29/nyregion/cut-in-math-program-is-reversed-at-the-university-of-rochester.html|access-date=January 29, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129184503/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/29/nyregion/cut-in-math-program-is-reversed-at-the-university-of-rochester.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plan was largely scrapped and mathematics exists as a graduate course of study to this day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/nyregion/fears-that-loss-of-a-math-phd-program-figures-in-a-bigger-equation.html|title=Fears That Loss of a Math Ph.D. Program Figures in a Bigger Equation|last=Arenson|first=Karen W.|date=February 4, 1996|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 18, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162856/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/nyregion/fears-that-loss-of-a-math-phd-program-figures-in-a-bigger-equation.html|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>