Editing University of Paris (section)

===13th–14th century: Expansion===
[[File:Meeting of doctors at the university of Paris.jpg|thumb|upright|Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris. From a 16th-century miniature.]]

In 1200, [[Philip II of France|King Philip II]] issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris," which affirmed that students were subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The provost and other officers were forbidden to arrest a student for any offence, unless to transfer him to ecclesiastical authority. The king's officers could not intervene with any member unless having a mandate from an ecclesiastical authority. His action followed a violent incident between students and officers outside the city walls at a pub.

In 1215, the Apostolic legate, [[Robert de Courçon]], issued new rules governing who could become a professor. To teach the arts, a candidate had to be at least twenty-one, to have studied these arts at least six years, and to take an engagement as professor for at least two years. For a chair in theology, the candidate had to be thirty years of age, with eight years of theological studies, of which the last three years were devoted to special courses of lectures in preparation for the mastership. These studies had to be made in the local schools under the direction of a master. In Paris, one was regarded as a scholar only by studies with particular masters. Lastly, purity of morals was as important as reading. The licence was granted, according to custom, gratuitously, without oath or condition. Masters and students were permitted to unite, even by oath, in defence of their rights, when they could not otherwise obtain justice in serious matters. No mention is made either of law or of medicine, probably because these sciences were less prominent.

{{Main|University of Paris strike of 1229}}

In 1229, a denial of justice by the queen led to suspension of the courses. The pope intervened with a [[Papal bull|bull]] that began with lavish praise of the university: "Paris", said [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]], "mother of the sciences, is another Cariath-Sepher, city of letters". He commissioned the Bishops of Le Mans and Senlis and the Archdeacon of Châlons to negotiate with the French Court for the restoration of the university, but by the end of 1230 they had accomplished nothing. Gregory IX then addressed a Bull of 1231 to the masters and scholars of Paris. Not only did he settle the dispute, he empowered the university to frame statutes concerning the discipline of the schools, the method of instruction, the defence of theses, the costume of the professors, and the obsequies of masters and students (expanding upon Robert de Courçon's statutes). Most importantly, the pope granted the university the right to suspend its courses, if justice were denied it, until it should receive full satisfaction.

The pope authorized Pierre Le Mangeur to collect a moderate fee for the conferring of the license of professorship. Also, for the first time, the scholars had to pay [[tuition fees]] for their education: two sous weekly, to be deposited in the common fund.

====Rector====
The university was organized as follows: at the head of the teaching body was a [[Rector (academia)|rector]]. The office was elective and of short duration; at first it was limited to four or six weeks. [[Simon de Brion]], legate of the [[Holy See]] in France, realizing that such frequent changes caused serious inconvenience, decided that the rectorate should last three months, and this rule was observed for three years. Then the term was lengthened to one, two, and sometimes three years. The right of election belonged to the [[promagistrate|procurators]] of the four [[nation (university)|nations]]. [[Henry of Unna]] was [[proctor]] of the University of Paris in the 14th century, beginning his term on January 13, 1340.

====Four "nations"====
[[File:Four nations of the University of Paris.png|thumb|Map showing the territories covered by the four nations of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages.]]
{{Main|Nation (university)}}

The "nations" appeared in the second half of the twelfth century. They were mentioned in the Bull of [[Honorius III]] in 1222. Later, they formed a distinct body. By 1249, the four nations existed with their procurators, their rights (more or less well-defined), and their keen rivalries: the nations were the French, English, Normans, and Picards. After the Hundred Years' War, the English nation was replaced by the Germanic. The four nations constituted the [[Faculty of Arts|faculty of arts or letters]].

The territories covered by the four nations were:
* French nation: all the [[Romance languages|Romance-speaking]] parts of Europe except those included within the Norman and Picard nations
* English nation (renamed 'German nation' after the [[Hundred Years' War]]): the [[British Isles]], the [[Germanic languages|Germanic-speaking]] parts of continental Europe (except those included within the Picard nation), and the [[Slavic languages|Slavic-speaking]] parts of Europe. The majority of students within that nation came from Germany and Scotland, and when it was renamed 'German nation' it was also sometimes called ''natio Germanorum et Scotorum'' ("nation of the Germans and Scots").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA19|title=Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland. Account of the Earl of Glencairn's expedition into the Highlands of Scotland, in the years 1653-4, written by Graham of Deuchrie. Life and death of King James the Fifth of Scotland. Buchanan's inquiry into the genealogy and present state of ancient Scottish surnames; with the history of the family of Buchanan. Monro's (High Dean of the Isles) genealogies of the clans of the isles|date=21 January 2018|publisher=sold|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6wQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA18|title=Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland, and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts|date=21 January 2018|publisher=Fullarton|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* Norman nation: the [[List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France#Province of Rouen (Lugdunensis Secunda)|ecclesiastical province of Rouen]], which corresponded approximately to the [[Duchy of Normandy]]. This was a Romance-speaking territory, but it was not included within the French nation.
* Picard nation: the Romance-speaking [[diocese|bishoprics]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais|Beauvais]], [[Ancient Diocese of Noyon|Noyon]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Amiens]], [[Ancient Diocese of Laon|Laon]], and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras|Arras]]; the bilingual (Romance and Germanic-speaking) bishoprics of [[Ancient Diocese of Thérouanne|Thérouanne]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai|Cambrai]], and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai|Tournai]]; a large part of the bilingual bishopric of [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège|Liège]]; and the southernmost part of the Germanic-speaking bishopric of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]] (the part of that bishopric located south of the river [[Meuse]]; the rest of the bishopric north of the Meuse belonged to the English nation). It was estimated that about half of the students in the Picard nation were Romance-speakers ([[Picard language|Picard]] and [[Walloon language|Walloon]]), and the other half were Germanic-speakers ([[West Flemish]], [[East Flemish]], [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] and [[Limburgish]] dialects).<ref>[http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc « Picard » et « Picardie », espace linguistique et structures sociopolitiques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217051646/http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc |date=17 December 2008 }}, by Serge Lusignan and Diane Gervais, August 2008</ref>

====Faculties====
{{Further|Faculty of Law of Paris}}
To classify professors' knowledge, the schools of Paris gradually divided into faculties. Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups. The faculty of medicine seems to have been the last to form. But the four faculties were already formally established by 1254, when the university described in a letter "theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and rational, natural, and moral philosophy". The masters of theology often set the example for the other faculties—e.g., they were the first to adopt an official seal.

The faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine, were called "superior faculties". The title of "[[Dean (education)|Dean]]" as designating the head of a faculty, came into use by 1268 in the faculties of law and medicine, and by 1296 in the faculty of theology. It seems that at first the deans were the oldest masters. The faculty of arts continued to have four procurators of its four nations and its head was the rector. As the faculties became more fully organized, the division into four nations partially disappeared for theology, law and medicine, though it continued in arts. Eventually the superior faculties included only doctors, leaving the bachelors to the faculty of arts. At this period, therefore, the university had two principal [[academic degree|degrees]], the [[Bachelor's degree|baccalaureate]] and the doctorate. It was not until much later that the [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] and the [[DEA (former French degree)|DEA]] became intermediate degrees.

====Colleges====
[[File:Paris 75005 Rue Saint-Jacques La Sorbonne facade 01c.jpg|thumb|Rue Saint-Jacques and the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] in Paris]]
The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while the students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if [[Robert de Courçon]] had not found the remedy of taxation. It was upheld in the Bull of Gregory IX of 1231, but with an important modification: its exercise was to be shared with the citizens. The aim was to offer the students a shelter where they would fear neither annoyance from the owners nor the dangers of the world. Thus were founded the colleges (colligere, to assemble); meaning not centers of instruction, but simple student boarding-houses. Each had a special goal, being established for students of the same nationality or the same science. Often, masters lived in each college and oversaw its activities.

Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in the 13th, including [[Collège d'Harcourt]] (1280) and the [[Collège de Sorbonne]] (1257). Thus the University of Paris assumed its basic form. It was composed of seven groups, the four nations of the faculty of arts, and the three superior faculties of theology, law, and medicine. Men who had studied at Paris became an increasing presence in the high ranks of the Church hierarchy; eventually, students at the University of Paris saw it as a right that they would be eligible to benefices. Church officials such as St. Louis and Clement IV lavishly praised the university.

Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other ''collegia'' provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 ''collegia'' for foreign students: the oldest one was the Danish college, the ''Collegium danicum'' or ''dacicum'', founded in 1257. [[Sweden|Swedish]] students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the ''Collegium Upsaliense'', the ''Collegium Scarense'' or the ''Collegium Lincopense'', named after the Swedish dioceses of [[Uppsala]], [[Skara]] and [[Linköping]].

The'' [[College of Navarre|Collège de Navarre]]'' was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from [[Navarre]], but due to its size, wealth, and the links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and [[Collegiate university|other universities]].
<ref name="Geelhaar">{{Cite book |title=Cultural transfers in dispute: representations in Asia, Europe, and the Arab world since the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Campus |isbn=978-3-593-39404-6 |editor-last=Feuchter |editor-first=Jörg |series=Eigene und fremde Welten |location=Frankfurt-on-Main ; New York |editor-last2=Hoffmann |editor-first2=Friedhelm |editor-last3=Yun |editor-first3=Bee}}</ref>

The German College, ''Collegium alemanicum'' is mentioned as early as 1345, the [[Scots College (Paris)|Scots college]] or ''Collegium scoticum'' was founded in 1325. The Lombard college or ''Collegium lombardicum'' was founded in the 1330s. The ''Collegium constantinopolitanum'' was, according to a tradition, founded in the 13th century to facilitate a merging of the eastern and western churches. It was later reorganized as a French institution, the ''Collège de la Marche-Winville''. The [[Collège de Montaigu]] was founded by the [[Archbishop of Rouen]] in the 14th century, and reformed in the 15th century by the [[Humanism|humanist]] [[Jan Standonck]], when it attracted reformers from within the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (such as [[Erasmus]] and [[Ignatius of Loyola]]) and those who subsequently became [[Protestants]] ([[John Calvin]] and [[John Knox]]).

At this time, the university also went the controversy of the [[condemnations of 1210–1277]].

The [[Irish College in Paris]] originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and the Collège de Navarre; in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre.