Editing University of Michigan (section)

===1851 to 1900===

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| image1 = Campus University of Michigan (NBY 2827).jpg
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[[Henry Philip Tappan]] became the university's first president in 1852, with the ambition to shape the institution as a model for future universities.<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Wilfred B. |date=1942 |title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132 |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press |hdl=2027/mdp.39015042059132 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|39–53}} During his decade of service, he overhauled the curriculum,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} expanded the library and museum collections,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} established the law school,<ref name="um2017.org" /> and supervised the construction of the [[Detroit Observatory]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} He secularized faculty appointments by prioritizing merit in selections,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} breaking away from the retrograde tradition of regents distributing positions among Protestant denominations.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country to issue [[Bachelor of Science]] degrees.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|48}} The following year, the country's first chemical laboratory was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education, providing additional space for classes and laboratories.<ref name="Chem Lab">{{Cite web |title = Chemical Laboratory |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211021222339/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |archive-date = October 21, 2021 |access-date = October 21, 2021 |publisher = UMHistory }}</ref> Tappan's tenure also saw the creation of the [[University of Michigan Men's Glee Club|Michigan Glee Club]], the oldest student organization at the university, and the publication of the first student newspaper, ''The Peninsular Phoenix and Gazetteer'', in 1857.<ref name="michiganbook">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia6fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 |title=The Michigan Book |pages=136–139 |year=1898 |last=Humphrey |first=Edwin |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> Despite these accomplishments, Tappan's 11-year presidency was marked by considerable tension.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} His impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}} Due to changes in the Board of Regents and discontent with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1863.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|39–53}}

In 1863, [[Erastus Otis Haven]] took office as president, having been a professor at the time and needing to prove his right for the presidency.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The campus was divided by conflicting views among students, faculty, and regents regarding Tappan's restoration, the homeopathy crisis, and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} Haven's administration faced routine administrative difficulties and struggled to garner support for increased state aid, despite achieving modest gains.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The university, which had received a fixed $15,000 since 1869, still required additional funding.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} Frustrated, Haven resigned in 1869 to become president of [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], a [[Methodist]] institution, a move that sectarians viewed as a setback for secular colleges.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|54–59}} The presidency remained vacant from 1869 to 1871, with Professor [[Henry Simmons Frieze]] serving as acting president.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} During this period, the university raised funds for University Hall, overhauled admissions with a diploma system, and introduced coeducation.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} Women were first admitted in 1870,<ref>{{Cite web |date = September 26, 2008 |title = Suggested Research Topics – Gender and Social Space on the University Campus, 1870–1970 |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030542/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |archive-date = March 13, 2009 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> although [[Alice Robinson Boise Wood]] was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Brennan |first = T. Corey |date = n.d. |title = WOOD, Alice Robinson Boise |url = https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010141/https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |archive-date = January 23, 2019 |access-date = March 13, 2020 |website = Database of Classical Scholars |publisher = Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |quote = When the question first came up in 1854 of admitting women to the University of Michigan, [[James Robinson Boise]] is the only professor on record to vote in its favor. A dozen years later, when his daughter Alice had graduated Ann Arbor High School, he is said to have been enraged that she could not continue at Michigan, and in September 1866 informally invited his daughter to join his Greek recitations at the university. Some of his colleagues followed suit. }}</ref> In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from the law school as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michigan Black Lawyers' "Firsts" |website=michbar.org |url=https://www.michbar.org/file/barjournal/article/documents/pdf4article2622.pdf |publisher=Michigan Bar Journal |date=May 2015}}</ref> In 1871, [[Sarah Killgore]] became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/Documents/Sarah_Killgore_Bio.pdf |title = Michigan's First Woman Lawyer |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = September 14, 2013 }}</ref> Frieze championed music education and established the [[University Musical Society]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} However, student discipline remained problematic, with frequent class rushes, instances of hazing, and rowdiness in chapel.<ref name=":98"/><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}} Past efforts to curb these disorders had proven ineffective, and Frieze blamed this on decentralized faculty control.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|59–62}}

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| caption1 = University Hall (1872–1896), located partly on the grounds of present-day [[Angell Hall]]
| image2 = Statue of Benjamin Franklin Standing on lawn in front of University Hall First Congregational Church and Union School West Hall visible across State Street.jpg
| alt2 = Statue of Benjamin Franklin facing the viewer with an open knee-length coat atop a pedestal that reads "Class Of '70" on a grassed yard with bare trees and a picket-style fence behind and a stone-block church to the back right
| caption2 = A statue of [[Benjamin Franklin]] stood on the west side of South State Street in front of University Hall, beside The First Congregational Church.
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[[James Burrill Angell]] became president in 1871 and would remain in the post for nearly four decades.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} His tenure would be remembered as the most successful in the university's history.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Tappan's reforms in the 1850s set the university on a path to becoming an elite institution, but it was Angell who completed that transformation.<ref name="Turner 1989 12">{{harvnb|Turner|Bernard|1989|p=12}}</ref><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Shortly after his arrival, University Hall was completed and dedicated.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} During his presidency, he restored campus discipline,<ref name=":98"/><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} resolved the long-standing homeopathy problem,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} led non-denominational church services,<ref name=":98">{{cite web |last=Tobin |first=James |title=Who was James Angell? |url=https://michigantoday.umich.edu/2013/07/29/a8666/ |website=michigantoday.umich.edu |date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 22, 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} broadened the curriculum,<ref name="um2017.org" /> raised entrance and graduation requirements,<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} and persuaded the legislature to increase state aid.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Angell's tenure saw the addition of many extracurricular activities, such as the [[Michigan Wolverines football|intercollegiate football team]] and the [[Michigan Marching Band|marching band]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Though a reformer, Angell was not authoritarian; he encouraged open debate and aimed for near-unanimous agreement before implementing changes, rather than pushing through with only a narrow majority.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} In 1871-72, [[Charles Kendall Adams]] first introduced the German [[seminar]] method of study, marking its first use in America.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Brubacher |first = John Seiler |title = Higher Education in Transition |date = July 1, 1997 |publisher = Transaction Publishers |isbn = 1-56000-917-9 |page = 187 }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|71}} In 1875, the university founded the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|College of Dental Surgery]], followed by the establishment of the [[University of Michigan College of Pharmacy|College of Pharmacy]] by [[Albert B. Prescott]] in 1876. That year, the university awarded its first [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degrees: to [[Victor C. Vaughan]] in chemistry and William E. Smith in zoology.<ref name=":11132024">{{cite web |last=Easthope |first=Mary M. |title=A Chronicle of Graduate Education 1845 to 1982 |url=https://rackham.umich.edu/about/history/chronicle/ |website=rackham.umich.edu |access-date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" /> They were among the first doctoral degrees to be conferred in the nation.<ref name=":11132024" /> The university remained the only institution in the state to grant PhD degrees until the late 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU College of Engineering Timeline |url=https://engineering.msu.edu/about/history-of-the-college |access-date=December 1, 2024 |website=engineering.msu.edu }}</ref> Ann Arbor's scholarly reputation grew during this period due to the contributions of the university's intellectual community, which included philosophers like [[John Dewey]], [[Charles Horton Cooley]], [[George Herbert Mead]], and [[Robert Ezra Park]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = David |title = George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World |publisher = University of Texas Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-292-72700-7 |pages = xii-xix }}</ref> By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the nation's second largest after Harvard in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = The First 150 Years |url = https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 9, 2021 |website = northwestern.edu }}</ref>

[[File:Literary Class of 1880.jpg|thumb|Literary Class of 1880 (includes [[Mary Henrietta Graham]], the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)]]

{{quote box
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| quote = "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not the high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned."
| author = [[William McKinley]]
| source = speaking to the first National Convention of the College Republicans in [[Newberry Hall]] in 1892<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Stewart |title=The College Republicans – A Brief History |publisher = College Republican National Committee | date=2002-06-24 |url=http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |access-date=2008-09-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050702072121/http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |archive-date = 2005-07-02}}</ref>
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With his presidency, Angell focused the university on preparing a new generation of secular leaders in public service.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Angell himself was frequently called upon by the White House for diplomatic missions.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} In 1880, U.S. President [[Rutherford Hayes]] appointed him as Minister to China, where he successfully negotiated an immigration treaty that increased Chinese student enrollment.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} Later, in 1887, 1896, and 1897, [[Grover Cleveland]] appointed him to fisheries and waterways commissions.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} That same year, [[William McKinley]] named him Envoy Extraordinary to Turkey.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} By the late 19th century, the university had gained an international reputation, partly due to Angell's diplomatic efforts.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} During this period, over 80 subjects of the [[Emperor of Japan]] were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://michigan.law.umich.edu/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-history |title = Michigan Law History |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = February 17, 2024 }}</ref> The university was also involved in building the [[Philippine]] education, legal, and public health systems during the era of American colonization of the Philippines, thanks to the efforts of Michigan alumni, including [[Dean Conant Worcester]] and [[George A. Malcolm]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Calata |first = Alexander A. |title = Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date = 2002 |publisher = Greenwood Press |isbn = 9780313307911 |editor-last = McFerson |editor-first = Hazel M. |location = Westport, CT |pages = 90–91 |chapter = The Role of Education in Americanizing Filipinos |oclc = 756515246 }}</ref> Among the early students in the School of Medicine was [[Jose Celso Barbosa]], who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Guzmán |first = W. |date = May 22, 2020 |title = José Barbosa (1857–1921) |url = https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923010739/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |archive-date = September 23, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |website = BlackPast.org }}</ref> [[Ida Gray]] graduated from the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|School of Dentistry]] in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.{{sfn|Dykes|1996|p=496}} In the early 20th century, the university emerged as a preferred option for Jewish students pursuing secular education due to quotas on Jewish admissions at denominational colleges, and it has since become a haven for the Jewish-American academic community.<ref>{{Cite press release |date = December 28, 2023 |title = University to launch institute to address antisemitism |url = https://record.umich.edu/articles/university-to-launch-institute-to-address-antisemitism/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |publisher = U-M Office of the Vice President for Communications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date = November 29, 2023 |title = Buss: Once a haven, Jews now fearful on UM campus |url = https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/kaitlyn-buss/2023/11/27/buss-once-a-haven-jews-now-fearful-on-um-campus/71717662007/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |newspaper = The Detroit News }}</ref> Angell retired in 1909, and seven years later, he died in the [[President's House, University of Michigan|President's House]], which had been his home for forty-five years.<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}} His successor, [[Harry Burns Hutchins]], who was once his student, would lead the university through [[World War I]] and the [[Spanish flu|Great Influenza epidemic]].<ref name=":21"/>{{rp|63–75}}