Editing Underground comix (section)

====1962–1968: Early history====
Early underground comix appeared sporadically in the early- and mid-1960s, but did not begin to appear frequently until after 1967. The first underground comix were personal works produced for friends of the artists. Perhaps the earliest of the underground comic strips was [[Frank Stack]]'s (under the pseudonym [[Foolbert Sturgeon]])<ref name="Shelton">{{cite book |last=Shelton |first=Gilbert |year=2006 |title=The New Adventures of Jesus |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Fantagraphics Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/newadventuresofj00fran/page/9 9] |isbn=978-1-56097-780-3 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newadventuresofj00fran/page/9}}</ref><ref name="Skinn-34"/> ''The Adventures of Jesus'', begun in 1962 and compiled in photocopied [[zine]] form by [[Gilbert Shelton]] in 1964. It has been credited as the first underground comic.<ref name="Shelton"/><ref name="Skinn-34">{{cite book |last=Skinn |first=Dez |year=2004 |title=Comix: The Underground Revolution |chapter=Heroes of the Revolution |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=1-56025-572-2 |page=34}}</ref> Shelton's own [[Wonder Wart-Hog]] appeared in the college humor magazine ''Bacchanal'' #1-2 in 1962. [[Jaxon (cartoonist)|Jack Jackson]]'s ''[[God Nose]]'', published in Texas in 1964,<ref>Booke, Keith M. 2010, ''Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels'', ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA</ref><ref>[[Maurice Horn]]. ed., ''The World Encyclopedia of Comics'', 1976, Robert Crumb</ref> has also been given that title. One guide lists two other underground comix from that year, [[Vaughn Bodē]]'s ''Das Kampf'' and [[Charles Plymell]]'s ''Robert Ronnie Branaman''.<ref name=Kennedy>[[Jay Kennedy|Kennedy, Jay]]. ''The Official Underground and Newave Comix Price Guide''. Boatner Norton Press, 1982.</ref>

[[Joel Beck]] began contributing a full-page comic each week to the [[underground newspaper]] the ''[[Berkeley Barb]]'' and his full-length comic ''[[Lenny of Laredo]]'' was published in 1965.<ref name="sfgate">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/examiner/archive/1999/09/21/NEWS7970.dtl#ixzz0kKbENhaH "Joel Beck: Underground comic artist", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', September 21, 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116200831/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fexaminer%2Farchive%2F1999%2F09%2F21%2FNEWS7970.dtl |date=January 16, 2004}}</ref> Another underground paper, the ''[[East Village Other]]'', was an important precursor to the underground comix movement, featuring [[comic strip]]s by artists including Crumb, Shelton, [[Kim Deitch]], [[Trina Robbins]], [[Spain Rodriguez]], and [[Art Spiegelman]] before true underground comix emerged from San Francisco with the first issue of ''[[Zap Comix]]''. ''Zap'' and many of the first true underground comix publications began with reprints of comic strip pages which first appeared in underground papers like the ''East Village Other'', the ''Berkeley Barb'', and ''[[Yarrowstalks]]''.<ref name="Sabin-92">{{cite book |last=Sabin |first=Roger |year=1996 |title=Comics, Comix & Graphic Novels: A History Of Comic Art |chapter=Going underground |publisher=[[Phaidon Press]] |location=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |isbn=0-7148-3008-9 |page=92 |url=https://archive.org/details/comicscomixgraph00sabi |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{efn|Reprints were popular with publishers because underground artists originally had few [[Creator ownership in comics|claims on their own work]].<ref name="Sabin-92"/> The basis for this was that material originally printed in publications that belonged to the [[Underground Press Syndicate]] (such as the ''Berkeley Barb'' and the ''East Village Other'') was available to reprint for free by other UPS members. This permission was exploited by some underground comix publishers, bulking up or entirely filling their own magazines with work whose creators didn't receive any payment even when those publishers made a profit.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}}}