Editing Ukrainian language (section)

===Developments under Poland and Lithuania===
In the 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Tatar rule]] until their unification under the Tsardom of [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]], whereas the south-western areas (including [[Kyiv]]) were incorporated into the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of the Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/zyzlex/zyz.htm |title=Лаврентій Зизаній. "Лексис". Синоніма славеноросская |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=30 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830170514/http://litopys.org.ua/zyzlex/zyz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of  the [[Liturgy|liturgical]] standardised language of [[Old Church Slavonic]], [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] and [[Polish language|Polish]]. The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the [[szlachta]], was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics.<ref name=KostOstr>{{in lang|ru}} [[Mykola Kostomarov]], ''Russian History in Biographies of its main figures'', Chapter ''[http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kostom/kostom22.htm Knyaz Kostantin Konstantinovich Ostrozhsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803145944/http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kostom/kostom22.htm |date=3 August 2020 }}'' ([[Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski]])</ref>

[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian]] rule and education also involved significant exposure to [[Latin]]. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period, and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include ''zavzhdy'' (always; taken from old Polish word ''zawżdy'') and ''obitsiaty'' (to promise; taken from Polish ''obiecać'') and from Latin (via Polish) ''raptom'' (suddenly) and ''meta'' (aim or goal).<ref name="Concise Middle"/>

Significant contact with [[Tatars]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] resulted in many [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into the Ukrainian language.  Examples include ''torba'' (bag) and ''tyutyun'' (tobacco).<ref name="Concise Middle" />

Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian (''prosta mova'', "[[simple speech]]") had more lexical similarity with [[West Slavic languages]] than with Russian or Church Slavonic.<ref>Yaroslav Hrytsak. "On Sails and Gales, and Ships Driving in Various Directions: Post-Soviet Ukraine as a Test Case for the Meso-Area Concept".  In: Kimitaka Matsuzato ed. ''Emerging meso-areas in the former socialist countries: histories revived or improvised?''. Slavic Research Center, [[Hokkaido University]]. 2005. p. 57.</ref> By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there was a need for translators during negotiations for the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]], between [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], head of the [[Zaporozhian Host]], and the Russian state.<ref>Nicholas Chirovsky. (1973). ''On the Historical Beginnings of Eastern Slavic Europe: Readings'' New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, pg. 184</ref>

By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], and Ukrainian languages.<ref name="pugh">{{Cite journal|last=Pugh|first=Stefan M.|title=The Ruthenian Language of Meletij Smotryc'kyj: Phonology|journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies|year=1985|volume=9|number=1/2|pages=53–60|jstor=41036132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211154812/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036132|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="shevelov">{{Cite book|last=Shevelov|first=George Y.|author-link=George Shevelov|title=A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language|year=1979|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Carl Winter|isbn=9783533027867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922165717/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVgAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bunčić">{{Cite book|last=Bunčić|first=Daniel|title=Die ruthenische Schriftsprache bei Ivan Uževyč unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Gesprächsbuchs Rozmova/Besěda: Mit Wörterverzeichnis und Indizes zu seinem ruthenischen und kirchenslavischen Gesamtwerk|year=2006|location=München|publisher=Verlag Otto Sagner|url=https://www.academia.edu/4678996|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031533/https://www.academia.edu/4678996|url-status=live}}</ref>