Editing Ukiyo-e (section)

===Colour prints (mid-18th century)===

Even in the earliest monochromatic prints and books, colour was added by hand for special commissions. Demand for colour in the early-18th century was met with {{transliteration|ja|tan-e}}{{efn|{{nihongo||丹|tan}}: a pigment made from red lead mixed with sulphur and [[Niter|saltpetre]]{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=76}} }} prints hand-tinted with orange and sometimes green or yellow.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|pp=76–77}} These were followed in the 1720s with a vogue for pink-tinted {{transliteration|ja|beni-e}}{{efn|{{Nihongo||紅|beni}}: a pigment produced from [[safflower]] petals.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=77}}}} and later the lacquer-like ink of the {{transliteration|ja|[[urushi-e]]}}. In 1744, the {{transliteration|ja|[[benizuri-e]]}} were the first successes in colour printing, using multiple woodblocks—one for each colour, the earliest {{transliteration|ja|beni}} pink and vegetable green.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=77}}

[[File:Okumura Masanobu - Taking the Evening Cool by Ryōgoku Bridge.png|thumb|left|Western-style [[perspective (graphical)|graphical perspective]] and increased use of printed colour were amongst the innovations [[Okumura Masanobu]] claimed.{{pb}}''Taking the Evening Cool by Ryōgoku Bridge'', {{circa|1745}}]]

A great self-promoter, [[Okumura Masanobu]] (1686–1764) played a major role during the period of rapid technical development in printing from the late 17th to mid-18th centuries.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=77}} He established a shop in 1707{{sfn|Penkoff|1964|p=16}} and combined elements of the leading contemporary schools in a wide array of genres, though Masanobu himself belonged to no school. Amongst the innovations in his romantic, lyrical images were the introduction of [[geometrical perspective]] in the {{transliteration|ja|[[uki-e]]}} genre{{efn|{{Interlanguage link|Torii Kiyotada|ja|3=鳥居清忠}} is said to have made the first {{transliteration|ja|uki-e}};{{sfn|King|2010|p=47}} Masanobu advertised himself as its innovator.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=78}}{{pb}}''A Layman's Explanation of the Rules of Drawing with a Compass and Ruler'' introduced Western-style geometrical perspective drawing to Japan in the 1734, based on a Dutch text of 1644 (see [[Rangaku]], "Dutch learning" during the Edo period); Chinese texts on the subject also appeared during the decade.{{sfn|King|2010|p=47}}{{pb}}Okumura likely learned about geometrical perspective from Chinese sources, some of which bear a striking resemblance to Okumura's works.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=64–68}} }} in the 1740s;{{sfn|Suwa|1998|p=64}} the long, narrow {{transliteration|ja|[[hashira-e]]}} prints; and the combination of graphics and literature in prints that included self-penned [[haiku]] poetry.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|pp=77–79}}

Ukiyo-e reached a peak in the late 18th century with the advent of full-colour prints, developed after Edo returned to prosperity under [[Tanuma Okitsugu]] following a long depression.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|pp=80–81}} These popular colour prints came to be called {{transliteration|ja|nishiki-e}}, or 'brocade pictures', as their brilliant colours seemed to bear resemblance to imported Chinese Shuchiang [[brocade]]s, known in Japanese as {{transliteration|ja|Shokkō nishiki}}.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=82}} The first to emerge were expensive calendar prints, printed with multiple blocks on very fine (or finer than standard) paper with heavy, opaque inks. These prints had the number of days for each month hidden in the design, and were sent at the New Year{{efn|Until 1873 the [[Japanese calendar]] was [[Lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]], and each year the [[Japanese New Year]] fell on different days of the [[Gregorian calendar]]'s January or February.}} as personalized greetings, bearing the name of the patron rather than the artist. The blocks for these prints were later re-used for commercial production, obliterating the patron's name and replacing it with that of the artist.{{sfn|Lane|1962|pp=150, 152}}

The delicate, romantic prints of [[Suzuki Harunobu]] (1725–1770) were amongst the first to realize expressive and complex colour designs,{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=81}} printed with up to a dozen separate blocks to handle the different colours{{sfn|Michener|1959|p=89}} and half-tones.{{sfn|Munsterberg|1957|p=155}} His restrained, graceful prints invoked the classicism of {{transliteration|ja|[[waka (poetry)|waka]]}} poetry and {{transliteration|ja|Yamato-e}} painting. The prolific Harunobu was the dominant ukiyo-e artist of his time.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|pp=82–83}} The success of Harunobu's colourful {{transliteration|ja|nishiki-e}} from 1765 on led to a steep decline in demand for the limited palettes of {{transliteration|ja|benizuri-e}} and {{transliteration|ja|urushi-e}}, as well as hand-coloured prints.{{sfn|Michener|1959|p=89}}

A trend against the idealism of the prints of Harunobu and the Torii school grew following Harunobu's death in 1770. [[Katsukawa Shunshō]] (1726–1793) and [[Katsukawa school|his school]] produced portraits of kabuki actors with greater fidelity to the actors' actual features than had been the trend.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=83}} Sometime-collaborators [[Koryūsai]] (1735&nbsp;– {{circa|1790}}) and [[Kitao Shigemasa]] (1739–1820) were prominent depicters of women who also moved ukiyo-e away from the dominance of Harunobu's idealism by focusing on contemporary urban fashions and celebrated real-world courtesans and [[geisha]].{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|pp=84–85}} Koryūsai was perhaps the most prolific ukiyo-e artist of the 18th century, and produced a larger number of paintings and print series than any predecessor.{{sfn|Hockley|2003|p=3}} The [[Kitao school]] that Shigemasa founded was one of the dominant schools of the closing decades of the 18th century.{{sfn|Kobayashi|1997|p=85}}

In the 1770s, [[Utagawa Toyoharu]] produced a number of {{transliteration|ja|uki-e}} perspective prints{{sfn|Marks|2012|p=68}} that demonstrated a mastery of Western perspective techniques that had eluded his predecessors in the genre.{{sfn|King|2010|p=47}} Toyoharu's works helped pioneer the landscape as an ukiyo-e subject, rather than merely a background for human figures.{{sfnm|1a1=Stewart|1y=1922|1p=224|2a1=Neuer|2a2=Libertson|2a3=Yoshida|2y=1990|2p=259}} In the 19th century, Western-style perspective techniques were absorbed into Japanese artistic culture, and deployed in the refined landscapes of such artists as [[Hokusai]] and [[Hiroshige]],{{sfn|Thompson|1986|p=44}} the latter a member of the [[Utagawa school]] that Toyoharu founded. This school was to become one of the most influential,{{sfn|Salter|2006|p=204}} and produced works in a far greater variety of genres than any other school.{{sfn|Bell|2004|p=105}}

<gallery caption="Early colour ukiyo-e" mode="packed" heights="230px">
Two Lovers Beneath an Umbrella in the Snow.jpg|''Two Lovers Beneath an Umbrella in the Snow''{{pb}}[[Suzuki Harunobu|Harunobu]], {{circa|1767}}
Acteur kabuki Katsukawa.jpg|''Arashi Otohachi as Ippon Saemon''{{pb}}[[Katsukawa Shunshō|Shunshō]], 1768
Koryūsai - Hinazuru of the Chōjiya, Kamuro Yasoji and Yasono, Shinzō Orizuru, Kiyotsuru, and Sayotsuru.jpg|''Hinazuru of the Chōjiya''{{pb}}[[Koryūsai]], {{circa|1778–80}}
Kitao Shigemasa (1777) Geisha and a servant carrying her shamisen box.jpg|''Geisha and a servant carrying her'' {{transliteration|ja|shamisen}} ''box''{{pb}}[[Kitao Shigemasa|Shigemasa]], 1777
Toshi-ya 00.jpg|''Perspective Pictures of Places in Japan: [[Sanjūsangen-dō]] in Kyoto''{{pb}}[[Utagawa Toyoharu|Toyoharu]], {{circa|1772–1781}}
</gallery>