Editing Tyrannosaurus (section)

===Resurgent interest===
[[File:FMNH SUE Trex.jpg|alt=|thumb|Specimen "[[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]]", [[Field Museum of Natural History]], Chicago]]
Beginning in the 1960s, there was renewed interest in ''Tyrannosaurus'', resulting in the recovery of 42 skeletons (5–80% complete by bone count) from Western North America.<ref name="larson2008" /> In 1967, Dr. William MacMannis located and recovered the skeleton named "MOR 008", which is 15% complete by bone count and has a reconstructed skull displayed at the [[Museum of the Rockies]]. The 1990s saw numerous discoveries, with nearly twice as many finds as in all previous years, including two of the most complete skeletons found to date: [[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]] and [[Stan (dinosaur)|Stan]].<ref name="larson2008" />

[[Sue Hendrickson]], an [[amateur]] paleontologist, discovered the most complete (approximately 85%) and largest ''Tyrannosaurus'' skeleton in the [[Hell Creek Formation]] on August 12, 1990. The specimen Sue, named after the discoverer, was the object of a legal battle over its ownership. In 1997, the litigation was settled in favor of Maurice Williams, the original land owner. The fossil collection was purchased by the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] at auction for $7.6&nbsp;million, making it the most expensive dinosaur skeleton until the sale of Stan for $31.8 million in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=T. Rex Skeleton Brings $31.8 Million at Christie's Auction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/arts/design/t-rex-skeleton-brings-31-8-million-at-christies-auction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007175400/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/arts/design/t-rex-skeleton-brings-31-8-million-at-christies-auction.html |archive-date=October 7, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The New York Times |date=October 7, 2020 |access-date=May 5, 2021|last1=Small |first1=Zachary }}</ref> From 1998 to 1999, Field Museum of Natural History staff spent over 25,000 hours taking the rock off the bones.<ref name="Sueprep">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/sue/?_ga=1.256723145.352611903.1414146341#preparing |title=Preparing Sue's bones |year=2007 |website=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=The Field Museum |access-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101183701/http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/sue/?_ga=1.256723145.352611903.1414146341#preparing |url-status=live }}</ref> The bones were then shipped to [[New Jersey]] where the mount was constructed, then shipped back to Chicago for the final assembly. The mounted skeleton opened to the public on May 17, 2000, in the Field Museum of Natural History. A study of this specimen's fossilized bones showed that Sue reached full size at age 19 and died at the age of 28, the longest estimated life of any tyrannosaur known.<ref name="Ericksonetal2004TyrannosaurGigantism">{{Cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=G. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P. J. |last3=Currie |first3=P. J. |last4=Norell |first4=M. |last5=Yerby |first5=S. |last6=Brochu |first6=C. A. |s2cid=4404887 |date=May 26, 2004 |title=Gigantism and life history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |bibcode=2004Natur.430..772E |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15279/files/PAL_E2578.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714024211/http://doc.rero.ch/record/15279/files/PAL_E2578.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Erratum|doi=10.1038/nature16487|pmid=26675726|http://retractionwatch.com/2016/03/01/high-profile-critic-slams-nature-letters-about-dinosaur-growth-following-corrections/ ''Retraction Watch''}}</ref> 
[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|"[[Scotty (dinosaur)|Scotty]]", the largest known specimen, exhibited in Japan]]
Another ''Tyrannosaurus'', nicknamed Stan (BHI 3033), in honor of amateur paleontologist Stan Sacrison, was recovered from the Hell Creek Formation in 1992. Stan is the second most complete skeleton found, with 199 bones recovered representing 70% of the total.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/yourvisit/galleries/stan/ |title=Stan |date=September 18, 2010 |website=The University of Manchester |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918104233/http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/yourvisit/galleries/stan/ |archive-date=September 18, 2010 }}</ref> This tyrannosaur also had many bone pathologies, including broken and healed ribs, a broken (and healed) neck, and a substantial hole in the back of its head, about the size of a ''Tyrannosaurus'' tooth.<ref>{{Cite book |title=''Tyrannosaurus'' Sue |url=https://archive.org/details/tyrannosaurussue00fiff_672 |url-access=limited |last=Fiffer |first=S. |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company, New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7167-4017-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tyrannosaurussue00fiff_672/page/n139 121]–122 |chapter=Jurassic Farce}}</ref>

In 1998, 20-year-old Bucky Derflinger noticed a ''T. rex'' toe exposed above ground, making him the youngest person to discover a ''Tyrannosaurus''. The specimen, dubbed [[Specimens of Tyrannosaurus#"Bucky": TCM 2001.90.1|Bucky]] in honor of its discoverer, was a young adult, {{convert|10|ft|m|order=flip}} tall and {{convert|35|ft|m|order=flip}} long. Bucky is the first ''Tyrannosaurus'' to be found that preserved a [[furcula]] (wishbone). Bucky is permanently displayed at [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/meet-bucky-the-teenage-t-rex-v2 |date=July 7, 2014 |title=Meet Bucky The Teenage T. Rex |work=[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|Children's Museum of Indianapolis]] |access-date=December 2, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227210245/http://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/meet-bucky-the-teenage-t-rex-v2 |archive-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Tyrannosaurus specimens.svg|thumb|The specimens "Sue", AMNH 5027, "Stan", and "Jane", to scale with a human.]]
In the summer of 2000, crews organized by [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] discovered five ''Tyrannosaurus'' skeletons near the [[Fort Peck Reservoir]].<ref name="bbc-horner">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/965609.stm |title=Dig pulls up five T. rex specimens |date=October 10, 2000 |access-date=December 13, 2008 |work=BBC News |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819045859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/965609.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, a 50% complete skeleton of a juvenile ''Tyrannosaurus'' was discovered in the Hell Creek Formation by a crew from the [[Burpee Museum of Natural History]]. Dubbed Jane (BMRP 2002.4.1), the find was thought to be the first known skeleton of a [[pygmy]] tyrannosaurid, ''[[Nanotyrannus]]'', but subsequent research revealed that it is more likely a juvenile ''Tyrannosaurus'', and the most complete juvenile example known;<ref name="currieetal2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Currie |first1=P. J. |last2=Hurum |first2=J. H. |last3=Sabath |first3=K. |date=2003 |title=Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-227.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |access-date=October 8, 2008 |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031093118/http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-227.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Jane is exhibited at the Burpee Museum of Natural History.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/tiny-terror-controversial-dinosaur-species-just-awkward-tween-tyrannosaurus-180957084/ |title=Tiny terror: Controversial dinosaur species is just an awkward tween ''Tyrannosaurus'' |last=Black |first=Riley |date=October 28, 2015 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=December 10, 2018 |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010200/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/tiny-terror-controversial-dinosaur-species-just-awkward-tween-tyrannosaurus-180957084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, a skeleton nicknamed "Wyrex", discovered by amateur collectors Dan Wells and Don Wyrick, had 114 bones and was 38% complete. The dig was concluded over 3 weeks in 2004 by the [[Black Hills Institute]] with the first live [[online]] ''Tyrannosaurus'' excavation providing daily reports, photos, and video.<ref name="larson2008" />

In 2006, [[Montana State University]] revealed that it possessed the largest ''Tyrannosaurus'' skull yet discovered (from a specimen named MOR 008), measuring {{convert|5|ft|cm|0|sp=us}} long.<ref name =MOR008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=3607 |title=Museum unveils world's largest ''T-rex'' skull. |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414021235/http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=3607 |archive-date=April 14, 2006 |access-date=April 7, 2006}}</ref> Subsequent comparisons indicated that the longest head was {{convert|136.5|cm|in}} (from specimen LACM 23844) and the widest head was {{convert|90.2|cm|in}} (from Sue).<ref name="gignac">{{Cite journal |last1=Gignac |first1=P. M. |last2=Erickson |first2=G. M. |year=2017 |title=The biomechanics behind extreme osteophagy in ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2012 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.2012G |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-02161-w |pmc=5435714 |pmid=28515439}}</ref>