Editing Turku (section)

===Swedish era===
[[File:Cathedral of Turku 1814.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Turku Cathedral]], 1814, prior to the [[Great Fire of Turku|Great Fire]] in 1827]]
According to the permission granted by [[Pope Gregory IX]] on 23 January 1229,<ref name="earlyhistory"/> the episcopal seat was moved from [[Nousiainen]] to [[Koroinen]], which is located near the current center of Turku.<ref name="turku-790">{{cite web |url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10607853 |title=Suomen vanhin kaupunki täyttää 790 vuotta ja valkoinen risti seisoo Turun syntymämerkkinä Koroisilla – katso video |first=Minna |last=Rosvall |work=[[Yle]] |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=17 August 2024 |language=fi |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817080915/https://yle.fi/a/3-10607853 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is nothing to suggest that the actual city of Turku still existed at this point; however, the city was not founded on uninhabited land, but there were fields and probably also a peasant village.<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Markku |last1=Oinonen |first2=Emmi |last2=Mehtonen |first3=Heidi |last3=Nordqvist |first4=Kari |last4=Uotila |first5=Pentti |last5=Zetterberg |title=Turun kaupungistumisen alkuhetkiä radiohiiliajoituksia bayesilaisella menetelmällä |magazine=SKAS |date=2011 |pages=15–27 |language=fi }}</ref> Since no reliable document has survived about the year of the city's founding, it has also been speculated that the city was founded in the 1280s or 1290s by the joint initiative of the king, the bishop, and the {{ill|Dominican Convent of Saint Olaf|sv|Sankt Olofs dominikankonvent, Åbo}}, which itself was founded in 1249.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hiekkanen |first=Markus |title=Turun kaupungin perustaminen. Tulkintayrityksiä uusien arkeologisten tutkimusten perusteella |magazine=Kaupunkia pintaa syvemmältä. Arkeologisia näkökulmia Turun historiaan |date=2003 |pages=42–52 |location=Turku |publisher=Suomen keskiajan arkeologian seura |isbn=951-9129-57-X |language=fi }}</ref>

[[Turku Cathedral]] was [[consecration|consecrated]] in 1300.<ref name="finland-portrait"/><ref name="Spicer2012">{{cite book |author=Andrew Spicer |title=Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314 |year=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6583-0 |page=314 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522130819/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyErqszUsFYC&pg=PA314 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Middle Ages]], Turku was the seat of the [[Bishop of Turku]] (a title later upgraded to [[Archdiocese of Turku|Archbishop of Turku]]), covering then the eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden (most of the present-day Finland) until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official capital status, it was for a long time the most important city in Finland as part of the trade and shipping of the [[Hanseatic League]]. In the 14th century, two-thirds of the city's burghers were German, but gradually the proportion of domestic burghers increased.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kirsi |last=Peltonen |title=Turku Hansa-ajalla |url=http://opal.utu.fi/projektit/hansat/VII.htm |publisher=[[University of Turku]] |access-date=17 February 2023 |language=fi |archive-date=24 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824171026/http://opal.utu.fi/projektit/hansat/VII.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the ecclesiastical authority, the only [[lawspeaker]]s in Finland operated in Turku, and from the 15th century to the 16th century, the court exercising the country's highest judicial power, the {{ill|Land Court of Turku|sv|Landsrätten i Åbo}}, met in the city.<ref name="kuparinen">{{cite book |first=Eero |last=Kuparinen |title=Turun seitsemän vuosisataa |year=1984 |publisher=Turun historiallinen yhdistys |location=Turku |language=fi }}</ref>

At the beginning of the 16th century, in connection with the disputes of the [[Kalmar Union]], the Danes destroyed the city twice, in 1509 under the leadership of Admiral [[Otte Rud]] and in 1522 under the leadership of Admiral [[Søren Norby]],<ref name="kuparinen"/> until [[Erik Fleming (councilor)|Erik Fleming]]'s troops expelled the Danes from Finland in 1523.<ref>''[[Pieni tietosanakirja]]'', [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]. (in Finnish)</ref> After the beginning of peace, [[Gustav Vasa]], who had just become king, thoroughly got to know different parts of his kingdom, the center of the king's first visit to Finland being Turku Castle, where he lived during his visit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kustaan kaksi vierailua Suomeen |url=http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=132789 |publisher=City of Turku |access-date=17 February 2023 |language=fi |archive-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917222127/http://www.turku.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=132789 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new king also brought with him the religious [[reformation]], and the first to preach the new doctrine was [[Petrus Särkilahti]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nuorteva |first=Jussi |title=Särkilahti, Petrus |year=2007 |location=Helsinki |publisher=The [[National Biography of Finland]] |language=fi }}</ref> Särkilahti's student [[Mikael Agricola]], who is known as the "father of Finnish literary language", continued the religious reform first as the headmaster of the cathedral school and later as the Bishop of Turku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heininen |first=Simo |title=Mikael Agricola. Elämä ja teokset |year=2007 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Edita |language=fi }}</ref> Duke John (later [[John III of Sweden|John III]]), the son of Gustav Vasa, received the title of [[Duke of Finland]] and ruled his territory from Turku Castle before becoming next king of Sweden after his brother, [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric XIV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gofinland.fi/en/turku/things-to-see-and-do/turku-castle |title=Turku Castle |website=Gofinland.fi |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141830/https://www.gofinland.fi/en/turku/things-to-see-and-do/turku-castle |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the aftermath of the [[War against Sigismund]], the city was the site of the [[Åbo Bloodbath]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nenonen |first1=Kaisu-Maija |last2=Teerijoki |first2=Ilkka |year=1998 |title=Historian suursanakirja |publisher=WSOY |isbn=951-0-22044-2 |language=fi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=G.C. |chapter=Wecksell, Josef Julius (1838–1907) |editor-last=Hochman |editor-first=Stanley |title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama |volume=1 |edition=2 |publisher=VNR |year=1984 |isbn=0-07-079169-4 |page=126 }}</ref> After that, the 17th century began as more peaceful period for Turku, when the focus was mainly on emphasizing Turku's position as the center of a wide area by establishing numerous new administrative and school institutions. In 1640, the first university in Finland, the [[Royal Academy of Turku]], was founded in Turku by order of [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Queen Christina]].<ref name="finland-portrait"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/kuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm |title=Kuninkaallinen Turun akatemia |access-date=17 February 2023 |language=fi |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727052152/http://www.museo.helsinki.fi/yliopiston_historia/kuninkaallinen_turun_akatemia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This project was also supported by Count [[Per Brahe the Younger|Per Brahe]], the [[Governor-General in the Swedish Realm|Governor General of Finland]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger |title=Per, Count Brahe, the Younger |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320235147/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Greve-Brahe-the-Younger |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Isaacus Rothovius]], the Bishop of Turku.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6962 |title=Isaac Rothovius |work=Swedish biographical dictionary |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141826/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6962 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turku was also the meeting place for the [[States of Finland]] in 1676.

[[File:Turun akatemian vihkiäiset.jpg|thumb|700px|center|''Inauguration of the [[Royal Academy of Turku|Academy of Turku]] in 1640'', by [[Albert Edelfelt]] from 1902]]