Editing Turkey (bird) (section)

==Names==
[[File:1 Wild Turkey.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Plate 1 of ''[[The Birds of America]]'' by [[John James Audubon]], depicting a wild turkey]]
The linguist [[Mario Pei]] proposes two possible explanations for the name ''turkey''.<ref name=KrulwichPei2008>{{cite web|last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert|title=Why A Turkey Is Called A Turkey|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97541602|website=NPR|access-date=18 July 2016|date=27 November 2008|archive-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411192108/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97541602|url-status=live}}</ref> One theory suggests that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of [[guineafowl]], which were already being imported into Europe by [[Turkey merchant|English merchants to the Levant]] via [[Constantinople]]. The birds were therefore nicknamed ''turkey coqs''. The name of the North American bird may have then become ''turkey fowl'' or ''Indian turkeys'', which was eventually shortened to ''turkeys''.<ref name=KrulwichPei2008/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OL60E3r2yiYC&dq=turkey+bird+name&pg=PA1217 ''Webster's II New College Dictionary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317021621/https://books.google.com/books?id=OL60E3r2yiYC&pg=PA1217&dq=turkey+bird+name&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=turkey%20bird%20name&f=false |date=17 March 2019 }}. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-618-39601-6}}, p. 1217</ref><ref>Smith, Andrew F. (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=J0L3PdUtydEC&pg=PA17 ''The Turkey: An American Story''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715150337/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J0L3PdUtydEC&pg=PA17 |date=15 July 2020 }}. University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-03163-2}}. p. 17</ref>

A second theory arises from turkeys coming to England not directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were [[Domestication|domesticated]] successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence'' turkey-cocks'' and ''turkey-hens'', and soon thereafter, ''turkeys''.<ref name=KrulwichPei2008/><ref>{{cite news|title=The flight of the turkey|url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636598-birds-many-names-speak-early-globalisation-and-confusion-flight|access-date=22 December 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=20 December 2014|archive-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221232528/http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636598-birds-many-names-speak-early-globalisation-and-confusion-flight|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1550, the English navigator [[William Strickland (navigator)|William Strickland]], who had introduced the turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-cock in his pride proper".<ref>Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=V40s-gATtqIC&pg=PA141 Animal characters: nonhuman beings in early modern literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815150930/https://books.google.com/books?id=V40s-gATtqIC&pg=PA141 |date=15 August 2021 }}. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 141. {{ISBN|0812201361}}.</ref> [[William Shakespeare]] used the term in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'',<ref>[https://www.sparknotes.com/nofear/shakespeare/twelfthnight/page_100/ Twelfth Night: Act 2, Scene 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426220844/https://www.sparknotes.com/nofear/shakespeare/twelfthnight/page_100/ |date=26 April 2021 }} No Fear Shakespeare</ref> believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Other European names for turkeys incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as {{lang|fr|dinde}} ('from India') in [[French language|French]], {{lang|ru|индюшка}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|indyushka}}, 'bird of India') in [[Russian language|Russian]], {{lang|pl|indyk}} in [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and {{lang|tr|hindi}} ('Indian') in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. These are thought to arise from the supposed belief of [[Christopher Columbus]] that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage.<ref name=KrulwichPei2008/> In Portuguese a turkey is a {{lang|pt|peru}}; the name is thought to derive from the country in South America '[[Peru]]'.<ref>Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa, "peru".</ref>

Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the [[brushturkey]]s are [[megapode]]s, and the bird sometimes known as the ''Australian turkey'' is the [[Australian bustard]] (''Ardeotis australis''). The [[anhinga]] (''Anhinga anhinga'') is sometimes called the ''water turkey'', from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

An infant turkey is called a ''chick'' or ''poult''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickson |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVICEKm1U04C&pg=PA39 |title=The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management |date=1992 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-1859-2 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Damerow |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Damerow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZQ00FD-jb4C&pg=PA20 |title=Hatching & Brooding Your Own Chicks: Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Guinea Fowl |date=2013-01-15 |publisher=Storey Publishing |isbn=978-1-61212-014-0 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>