Editing Triskaidekaphobia (section)

==Events related to "unlucky" 13==
[[File:Lane Cove West apartments lift shaft.JPG|thumb|The exposed lift shaft of an apartment block under construction. The lift shaft has numbers marking the levels, but the 13th level is marked with a heart instead and the 14th level is marked with an upside down 4 to address [[tetraphobia]].]]
* On Friday, October 13, 1307, the arrest of the [[Knights Templar]] was ordered by [[Philip IV of France]]. While the number 13 was considered unlucky, Friday the 13th was not considered unlucky at the time. The incorrect idea that their arrest was related to the phobias surrounding Friday the 13th was invented early in the 21st century and popularized by the novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Robinson |first=John J. |author-link=John J. Robinson |title=Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry |year=1990 |publisher=M. Evans & Company |isbn=978-0-87131-602-8}}</ref>
* In 1881 an influential group of New Yorkers, led by US Civil War veteran Captain William Fowler, came together to put an end to this and other superstitions. They formed a dinner cabaret club, which they called [[the Thirteen Club]]. At the first meeting, on January 13, 1881, at 8:13&nbsp;p.m., thirteen people sat down to dine in Room 13 of the venue. The guests walked under a ladder to enter the room and were seated among piles of spilled salt. Many "Thirteen Clubs" sprang up all over North America over the next 45 years. Their activities were regularly reported in leading newspapers, and their numbers included five future US presidents, from [[Chester A. Arthur]] to [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. Thirteen Clubs had various imitators, but they all gradually faded due to a lack of interest.<ref>Nick Leys, ''If you bought this, you've already had bad luck'', review of Nathaniel Lachenmayer's ''Thirteen: The World's Most Popular Superstition'', Weekend Australian, 8–9 January 2005</ref>
* The British submarine, {{HMS|K13}}, sank on 29 January 1917 while on her trials after diving with a hatch and some vents still open. Although she was raised and 48 men were rescued, 32 sailors and civilian technicians died. When repaired, she was renamed ''K22'' but was later involved in multiple collisions with other [[British K-class submarine|K-class submarine]]s on 1 February 1918 in which a total of 103 men were killed, an event known as the [[Battle of May Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://janmeecham.wordpress.com/2017/04/17/the-calamity-k-class-submarines-of-the-first-world-war/ |title=The calamity k-class submarines of the First World War |website=Roger (Jan) Meecham|date=17 April 2017|author=Jan Meecham |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> In the subsequent [[British L-class submarine]], the number L13 was not used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rnsubs.co.uk/boats/subs/l-class.html |title=1916–1945: L Class |last=Hillbeck |first=I W |date= |website=rnsubs.co.uk |publisher=Barrow Submariners Association |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Apollo 13]] was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13:00 [[Central Time Zone|CST]] and suffered an oxygen tank explosion on April 13 at 21:07:53 CST, forcing it to abort its mission to [[Moon landing|land on the Moon]]. All crew returned safely to Earth on April 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/63342/13-things-that-saved-apollo-13-part-9-position-of-the-tanks/|title=13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 9: Position of the Tanks |date=21 April 2010|website=Universetoday.com|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceacts.com/newsap13.html|title=What Really Happened to Apollo 13 |website=Spaceacts.com|access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Friday the 13th mini-crash]] was a stock market crash that occurred on Friday, October 13, 1989.
* [[Vehicle registration plates of Ireland|Vehicle registration plates in Ireland]] are such that the first two digits represent the year of registration of the vehicle (i.e., 11 is a 2011 registered car, 12 is 2012, and so on). In 2012, there were concerns among members of the Society of the Irish Motor Industry (SIMI) that the prospect of having "13" registered vehicles might discourage motorists from buying new cars because of superstition surrounding the number thirteen, and that car sales and the motor industry (which was already doing badly) would suffer as a result. The government, in consultation with SIMI, introduced a system whereby 2013 registered vehicles would have their registration plates' age identifier string modified to read "131" for vehicles registered in the first six months of 2013 and "132" for those registered in the latter six months of the year.<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/national-news/2013-number-plates-to-be-changed-to-avoid-unlucky-13-3208978.html ''2013 number plates to be changed to avoid ‘unlucky 13’ ''], ''Irish Independent'', 24 August 2012</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/2013-number-plates-to-be-changed-to-avoid-unlucky-13-26890349.html | work=Irish Independent | title=2013 Number Plates To Be Changed To Avoid 'Unlucky 13'}}</ref>{{ref|Note a|1}}

===Effect on US Shuttle program mission naming===
[[File:STS-41-c Alt Patch.jpg|right|thumb|Alternate mission patch of STS-41C, with a 13 and a black cat, as it landed on April&nbsp;13th, which was a Friday the 13th and this was the mission originally scheduled as STS-13<ref>{{cite book |first=Ben |last=Evans |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQjCF8Cc7HoC&q=sts-41-c+friday+13th+cat&pg=PA114 |title=Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys into the Unknown |publisher=Springer |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=May 30, 2012 |df=dmy-all|isbn=978-0387496795 }}</ref>]]

The disaster that occurred on [[Apollo 13]] may have been a factor that led to a renaming that prevented a mission called STS-13.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/behind-the-space-shuttle-mission-numbering-system |title=Behind the Space Shuttle mission numbering system |first=Andres |last=Almeida |date=5 December 2016 |website=nasa.gov |access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Evans">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_uZiCp5icUC&q=Triskaidekaphobia+STS&pg=PA211 |title=Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit: The Eighties and Early Nineties |last=Evans |first=Ben |date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1461434306 |language=en |page=211}}</ref> [[STS-41-G]] was the name of the thirteenth Space Shuttle flight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/orl-shuttlemission-13pic-41g-photo.html |id=41-G |title=Challenger mission No.&nbsp;6 (13th shuttle program mission overall) |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |access-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> However, originally [[STS-41-C]] was the mission originally numbered STS-13<ref name="vanhoftenoh">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=James D. A. van Hoften |publisher=NASA Johnson Space Center |series=Oral History Project |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hartoh">{{cite web |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Terry J. Hart |publisher=NASA Johnson Space Center |series=Oral History Project |date=April 10, 2003 |access-date=July 20, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> STS-41-C was the eleventh orbital flight of the space shuttle program.<ref name="jsc.nasa.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/sts-41-c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227195702/http://astronautix.com/s/sts-41-c.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |title=STS-41-C Information|work=Astonautix |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

The numbering system of the [[Space Shuttle]] was changed to a new one after [[STS-9]].<ref name=almeida>{{cite news |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/behind-the-space-shuttle-mission-numbering-system |title=Behind the Space Shuttle Mission Numbering System |last=Almeida |first=Andres |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2017-01-17 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The new naming scheme started with STS-41B, the previous mission was STS-9, and the thirteenth mission (what would have been STS-13) would be STS-41C.<ref name=almeida/> The new scheme had first number stand for the U.S. fiscal year, the next number was a launch site (1 or 2), and the next was the number of the mission numbered with a letter for that period.<ref name=almeida/>

In the case of the actual 13th flight, the crew was apparently not superstitious and made a humorous mission patch that had a [[black cat]] on it.<ref name=almeida/> Also, that mission re-entered and landed on [[Friday the 13th]] which one crew described as being "pretty cool".<ref name=almeida/> Because of the way the designations and launch manifest work, the mission numbered STS-13 might not have actually been the 13th to launch as was common throughout the shuttle program; indeed it turned out to be the eleventh.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_uZiCp5icUC&q=Triskaidekaphobia+STS&pg=PA211 |title=Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit: The Eighties and Early Nineties |last=Evans |first=Ben |date=2012|df=dmy-all |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1461434306 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jsc.nasa.gov"/> One of the reasons for this was when a launch had to be scrubbed, which delayed its mission.<ref name="Evans1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_uZiCp5icUC&q=Triskaidekaphobia+STS&pg=PA211 |via=Google Books |title=Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit: The Eighties and Early Nineties |last=Evans |first=Ben |date=2012 |df=dmy-all |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1461434306 |language=en |page=211}}</ref>

NASA said in a 2016 news article it was due to a much higher frequency of planned launches (pre-Challenger disaster).<ref name=almeida/> As it was, the Shuttle program did have a disaster on its ''one-hundred'' and thirteenth mission going by date of launch, which was [[STS-107]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-disasters/columbia-disaster/ |title=The Columbia Disaster |magazine=Space Safety Magazine |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> The actual mission [[STS-113]] was successful, and had actually launched earlier due to the nature of the launch manifest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-113.html |title=NASA STS-113 |last=Warnock  |first=Lynda |department=KSC |website=nasa.gov |language=en |access-date=2017-01-17 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Omission of 13th rooms===
{{see also|Sailors' superstitions}}
Hotels, buildings and elevator manufacturers have also avoided using the number 13 for rooms and floors based on triskaidekaphobia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/travel/cruise/1052720/cruises-2019-cruise-ship-holidays-deck-13-unlucky-number|website=www.express.co.uk|title=Cruise secrets: Why can passengers never find this mysterious location on a cruise ship?|date=8 December 2018|language=en|access-date=2020-09-30}}</ref>

Several notable streets in London lack a No. 13, including “Fleet Street, Park Lane, Oxford Street, Praed Street, St. James’s Street, Haymarket and Grosvenor Street.”<ref>{{cite book|title=[[London: The Biography]]|year=2000 |author=[[Peter Ackroyd]]|publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]]|isbn= 978-0385497701 |page=207}}</ref>