Editing Transubstantiation (section)

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Codex Bruchsal 1 28r.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Last Supper]] (upper image) and preparatory washing of feet (lower image) in a 1220 manuscript in the [[Baden State Library]], [[Karlsruhe]], Germany]]

[[Paschasius Radbertus]] (785–865) was a Carolingian theologian, and the abbot of [[Corbie Abbey|Corbie]], whose most well-known and influential work is an exposition on the nature of the Eucharist written around 831, entitled ''De Corpore et Sanguine Domini''. In it, Paschasius agrees with [[Ambrose]] in affirming that the Eucharist contains the true, historical body of Jesus Christ. According to Paschasius, God is truth itself, and therefore, his words and actions must be true.  Christ's proclamation at the [[Last Supper]] that the bread and wine were his body and blood must be taken literally, since God is truth.<ref>Chazelle, p. 9</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2024}}  He thus believes that the change of the substances of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ offered in the Eucharist really occurs.  Only if the Eucharist is the actual body and blood of Christ can a Christian know it is salvific.<ref>Chazelle, p. 10</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In the 11th century, [[Berengar of Tours]] stirred up opposition when he denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the fact of the Real Presence. His position was never diametrically opposed to that of his critics, and he was probably never excommunicated, but the controversies that he aroused (see [[Stercoranism]]) forced people to clarify the doctrine of the Eucharist.<ref>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Berengar of Tours''</ref>

The earliest known use of the term ''transubstantiation'' to describe the change from bread and wine to body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist was by [[Hildebert de Lavardin]], Archbishop of Tours, in the 11th century.<ref>[[John Hedley (bishop)|John Cuthbert Hedley]], ''Holy Eucharist'' (1907), p. 37.
[https://archive.org/details/miltonreligiousc0000king/page/134 <!-- quote=transubstantiation Hildebert. --> John N. King, ''Milton and Religious Controversy'' (Cambridge University Press 2000] {{ISBN|978-0-52177198-6}}), p. 134</ref> By the end of the 12th century the term was in widespread use.<ref name=ODCC/>

The [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] in 1215 spoke of the bread and wine as "transubstantiated" into the body and blood of Christ: "His body and blood are truly contained in the sacrament of the altar under the forms of bread and wine, the bread and wine having been transubstantiated, by God's power, into his body and blood".<ref>{{Catholic|prescript=|wstitle=Fourth Lateran Council (1215)}}.
[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum12-2.htm#Confession of Faith ''Fourth Lateran Council: 1215''], 1. Confession of Faith, retrieved 2010-03-13.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> Catholic scholars and clergy have noted numerous reports of [[Eucharistic miracle]]s contemporary with the council, and at least one such report was discussed at the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Councils of Faith: Lateran IV (1215)| year = 2013| url=https://www.english.op.org/godzdogz/councils-of-faith-lateran-iv-1215/ | last=Javis|first=Matthew|website = Dominican Friars}}</ref><ref>Ryan, S. and Shanahan, A. (2018) How to communicate Lateran IV in 13th century Ireland: lessons from the Liber Examplorum (c. 1275). Religions 9(3): 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030075</ref> It was not until later in the 13th century that [[Aristotelian metaphysics]] was accepted and a philosophical elaboration in line with that metaphysics was developed, which found classic formulation in the teaching of [[Thomas Aquinas]]<ref name="ODCC">Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Transubstantiation''</ref> and in the theories of later Catholic theologians in the medieval period ([[Robert Grosseteste]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Leonard E.|last1=Boyle|author-link=Leonard Boyle|url=https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-abstract/XXX/2/512/1649099?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=Robert Grosseteste and the Transubstantiation|journal=[[The Journal of Theological Studies]]|volume=XXX|issue=2|date=October 1, 1979|page=512|doi=10.1093/jts/XXX.2.512|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[Giles of Rome]], [[Duns Scotus]] and [[William of Ockham]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Marylin |title=Some later medieval theories of the Eucharist: Thomas Aquinas, Gilles of Rome, Duns Scotus, and William Ockham |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199658169}}</ref><ref>Stephen E. Lahey, "[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=classicsfacpubReview of Adams, ''Some later medieval theories ...'']" in ''The Journal of Ecclesiastical History'', vol. 63, issue 1 (January 2012)]</ref>