Editing Toxicology (section)

=== ''In vivo'' model organism ===
The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals.<ref name=Ottoboni/> Examples of model organisms are ''[[Galleria mellonella]],''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harding CR, Schroeder GN, Collins JW, Frankel G | title = Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection | journal = Journal of Visualized Experiments | issue = 81 | pages = e50964 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24299965 | pmc = 3923569 | doi = 10.3791/50964 }}</ref> which can replace small mammals, [[Zebrafish]] (''Danio rerio''), which allow for the study of toxicology in a lower order vertebrate ''[[in vivo]]''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Allen D, Ceger P, Casey W, Hinton D, Kanungo J, Kullman SW, Tal T, Bondesson M, Burgess SM, Sullivan C, Kim C, Behl M, Padilla S, Reif DM, Tanguay RL, Hamm J | title = Advancing toxicology research using in vivo high throughput toxicology with small fish models | journal = Altex | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–452 | date = 2016-11-01 | pmid = 27328013 | pmc = 5270630 | doi = 10.14573/altex.1601281 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin WK, Tennant AH, Conolly RB, Prince K, Stevens JS, DeMarini DM, Martin BL, Thompson LC, Gilmour MI, Cascio WE, Hays MD, Hazari MS, Padilla S, Farraj AK | title = High-Throughput Video Processing of Heart Rate Responses in Multiple Wild-type Embryonic Zebrafish per Imaging Field | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 145 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30644404 | pmc = 6333808 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-35949-5 | first8 = Brandi L. | first9 = David M. | bibcode = 2019NatSR...9..145M }}</ref> and ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunt PR | title = The C. elegans model in toxicity testing | journal = J. Appl. Toxicol. | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–59 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27443595 | pmc = 5132335 | doi = 10.1002/jat.3357 }}</ref>  As of 2014, such [[animal testing]] provides information that is not available by other means about how substances function in a living organism.<ref name=SocTox2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp |publisher=Society of Toxicology |title=The importance of animal in research |date=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207062218/http://www.toxicology.org/ms/air1.asp |archive-date=2014-12-07 }}</ref> The use of non-human animals for toxicology testing is opposed by some organisations for reasons of animal welfare, and it has been restricted or banned under some circumstances in certain regions, such as the testing of cosmetics in the European Union.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Kanter J | date = March 11, 2013 | title = E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/business/global/eu-to-ban-cosmetics-with-animal-tested-ingredients.html | work = [[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 26, 2018 }}</ref>