Editing Tower block (section)

=== Towers in the park and microdistricts ===
[[File:Flemington_aerial.jpg|thumb|center|700px|[[Debney Estate|Debney Meadows]] (Flemington Estate) (1962–1965) in [[Melbourne]].]]
[[File:Moscow, Maly Chertanovsky Pond (31330935432).jpg|thumb|250px|A panel housing [[microdistrict]] (''П-44'' series) ([[Chertanovo Severnoye District]] of Moscow) (Late Soviet era) is built with a similar idea in mind]]

'''[[Towers in the park]]''' is a [[Morphology (architecture and engineering)|morphology]] of [[modernist]]<ref name="GLOBE">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140809132351/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/architecture/how-to-rejuvenate-urban-towers-in-the-park/article624757/ "How to rejuvenate urban 'towers in the park{{'"}}], ''Globe and Mail'', John Bentley Mays, May 12, 2011</ref> high-rise apartment buildings characterized by a high-rise building surrounded by a swath of landscaped land; e.g., the tower does not directly front the street.

It is based on an ideology popularised by [[Le Corbusier]] with the [[Plan Voisin]], an expansion of the [[Garden city movement]] aimed at reducing the problem of urban congestion. It was introduced in several large cities across the world, notably in [[North America]],<ref name="GLOBE" /> [[Europe]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Broadwater Farm {{!}} Tottenham Regeneration |url=https://tottenham.london/explore/broadwater-farm/your-broadwater-farm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922181755/https://tottenham.london/explore/broadwater-farm/your-broadwater-farm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=tottenham.london}}</ref> and [[Australia]]<ref>Frykholm, H. (2023). ‘A Village Stood on End’: Anthropology and the Interior of the Modernist Tower. Fabrications, 33(2), 359–377.</ref> as a solution for housing, especially for [[public housing]], reaching a peak of popularity in the 1960s with the introduction of [[Prefabricated building|prefabrication technology]].

By the early 1970s, opposition to this style of towers mounted, with many, including urban planners, now referring to them as "[[ghetto]]s".<ref>Tall Buildings, Toronto Star, August 27, 1973, C3</ref> Neighbourhoods like [[St. James Town]] were originally designed to house young "swinging single" middle class residents, but the apartments lacked appeal and the area quickly became much poorer. From its early days of implementation the concept was criticised for making residents feel unsafe, including large empty common areas dominated by [[gang]] culture and crime. The layout was criticised for normalising anti-social behaviour and hampering the efforts of essential services, particularly for [[law enforcement]].<ref>[https://theintercept.com/2016/10/06/in-the-chicago-police-department-if-the-bosses-say-it-didnt-happen-it-didnt-happen/ OPERATION SMOKE AND MIRRORS] by Jamie Kalven 6 October 2016</ref>

The history of [[microdistrict]]s as an urban planning concept dates back to the 1920s, when the Soviet Union underwent rapid [[urbanization]]. Under the [[Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s]], residential complexes—compact territories with residential dwellings, schools, shops, entertainment facilities, and [[green belt|green spaces]]—started to prevail in urban planning practice, as they allowed for more careful and efficient planning of the rapid urban expansion. These complexes were seen as an opportunity to build a collective society,<ref name="van Dijk">Ir. M.H.H. van Dijk, IsoCaRP Congress 2003, ''Planning and politics''</ref> an environment suitable and necessary for the new way of life.<ref name="Gentile">Michael Gentile, Dept. of Social and Economic Geography, [[Uppsala University]], ''Urbanism and Disurbanism in the Soviet Union''[http://www.student.uu.se/studorg/europe/inblick/?p=/2articles/04/gentile.html]</ref>