Editing Tory (section)

===Canada===
{{Conservatism in Canada|Schools}}
{{Main|Conservatism in Canada}}
{{See also|Upper Canada Tories}}
The term ''Tory'' was first used to designate the [[Pre-Confederation history of Canada|pre-Confederation]] British ruling classes of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]], known as the [[Family Compact]] and the [[Château Clique]], an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. The United Empire Loyalists were [[Loyalists (American Revolution)|American loyalists]] from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] who resettled elsewhere in [[British North America]] during or after the [[American Revolutionary War]].

In post-Confederation Canada, the terms "[[Red Tory]]" and "[[Blue Tory]]" have long been used to describe the two wings of the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] and previously the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, [[French Canadians|French-Canadian]] traditionalists and the [[Monarchism|monarchist]] and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and [[Annexation movements of Canada|annexationist tendencies]] within the liberal [[Clear Grits]]. Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]].<ref>James Farney, and David Rayside, eds. ''Conservatism in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press, 2013)</ref>

By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of [[John Farthing]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]]). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada.<ref>Heath Macquarrie, ''Red Tory blues: a political memoir'' (University of Toronto Press, 1992)</ref>

Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by [[John A. Macdonald|MacDonaldian]] Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarchy]], [[British Empire|Empire-Commonwealth]], [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary government]], [[Canadian nationalism|nationalism]], protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of the necessity of the [[Social programs in Canada|welfare state]].<ref>Denis Smith, ''Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker'' (1997)</ref>
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|thumb|[[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. 1901 illustration by [[Howard Pyle]]. The Loyalists helped establish the base of support for political cliques in the Canadas, locally referred to as Tories.]]
By the 1970s, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] was a [[Keynesian Revolution|Keynesian-consensus]] party. With the onset of [[stagflation]] in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of [[Post-war displacement of Keynesianism|neo-liberal developments]] in the United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for [[privatization]] and [[Supply-side economics|supply-side interventions]]. In Canada, these Tories have been labelled [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]]—which has a somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but [[Brian Mulroney]] (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] governments.<ref>Tomos Dafydd Davies, "'A tale of two Tories?': the British and Canadian Conservative Parties and the'National Question'. The cases of Wales and Quebec." (2011).</ref>

As Mulroney took the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of [[deregulation]], privatization, free-trade and a [[consumption tax]] called the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and services tax]] (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party.

The 1986 creation of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] attracted some of the [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberals]] and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] that had never had a strong Tory tradition and political culture.

Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the [[Senate of Canada]]. Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. [[Joe Clark]] returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down the combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada.

By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The [[Canadian Alliance]] party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed the notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.

After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to the term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the [[2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2004 leadership convention]]. [[Stephen Harper]], former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement.<ref>Alex Marland, and Tom Flanagan. "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (2013) 46#4 pp: 951–972.</ref><ref>Laura Devaney, "The Unite the Right Movement and the Brokerage of Social Conservative Voices Within the New Conservative Party of Canada." ''The Agora''  3.2 (2013): 101.</ref> However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against the merger. They formed the rival [[Progressive Canadian Party]].