Editing Tobacco smoking (section)

===Social attitudes and public health===
{{globalize section|date=March 2024}}
In 1912 and 1932 in Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated with anti-liquor groups,<ref name="NWC178">{{Harvnb|Proctor|2000|p=178}}</ref> first published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal ''Der Tabakgegner'' (The Tobacco Opponent). In 1929, [[Fritz Lickint]] of Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal [[Statistics|statistical]] evidence of a lung cancer–tobacco link. During the [[Great Depression]] [[Adolf Hitler]] condemned his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money,<ref name="NWC219">{{Harvnb|Proctor|2000|p=219}}</ref> and later with stronger assertions. This movement was further strengthened with Nazi reproductive policy as women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family.<ref name="NWC187">{{Harvnb|Proctor|2000|p=187}}</ref> In the 20th century, smoking was common. Social events like the [[smoke night]] promoted the habit.

The [[anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany]] did not reach across enemy lines during the Second World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. By the end of the Second World War, American cigarette manufacturers quickly reentered the German black market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent,<ref name="NWC245">{{Harvnb|Proctor|2000|p=245}}</ref> and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.<ref name="ADLNMPHP">{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Robert N. |title=Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy |journal=Dimensions |year=1996 |volume=10 |issue=2 |url=http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205091200/http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp |archive-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |via=archived copy at [[archive.is]] |access-date=1 October 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> As part of the [[Marshall Plan]], the United States shipped free tobacco to Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000&nbsp;tons in 1949.<ref name="NWC245"/> Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in [[History of Germany since 1945|post-war Germany]] steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963.<ref name="NWC228">{{Harvnb|Proctor|2000|p=228}}</ref> By the end of the 20th century, anti-smoking campaigns in Germany were unable to exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research was described by [[Robert N. Proctor]] as "muted".<ref name="NWC228"/>

[[File:Lung Cancer Incidece vers Cigarette Consumption.svg|thumb|A lengthy study conducted in order to establish the strong association necessary for legislative action (US cigarette consumption per person blue, male lung cancer rate brown)]]

In 1950, [[Richard Doll]] published research in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' showing a close link between smoking and [[lung cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Doll | first1 = R. | last2 = Hill | first2 = A. B. | title = Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 4682 | pages = 739–748 | date = 1 September 1950 | pmid = 14772469 | pmc = 2038856 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 | issn = 0007-1447 }}</ref> Beginning in December 1952, the magazine ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' published "Cancer by the Carton", a series of articles that linked [[smoking]] with [[lung cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/ |title=CNN Interactive |publisher=Cnn.com |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423205623/http://www.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1954, the [[British Doctors Study]], a prospective study of some 40 thousand doctors for about 2.5 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.<ref name="RichardHillyBMJ1954">{{cite journal | last1 = Doll | first1 = R. | last2 = Hill | first2 = B. | title = The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report: (Reprinted from Br Med J 1954:ii;1451-5) | journal = BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 328 | issue = 7455 | pages = 1529–1533; discussion 1533 | date = Jun 2004 | pmid = 15217868 | pmc = 437141 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1529 | issn = 0959-8138 }}</ref> In January 1964, the United States [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]]'s Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/NN/p-nid/60|title= The Reports of the Surgeon General: The 1964 Report on Smoking and Health|work= Profiles in Science|publisher= [[United States National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]]|access-date= 10 October 2015|archive-date= 20 January 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160120031958/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/NN/p-nid/60|url-status= live}}</ref>

As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed [[contributory negligence]] as the adverse health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. Health authorities sided with these claims up until 1998, from which they reversed their position. The [[Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement]], originally between the four largest US tobacco companies and the attorneys general of 46 states, restricted certain types of tobacco advertisement and required payments for health compensation; which later amounted to the largest civil settlement in United States history.<ref name="WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|title=Forty-Six States Agree to Accept $206 Billion Tobacco Settlement|date=23 November 1998|author=Milo Geyelin}}</ref>

Social campaigns have been instituted in many places to discourage smoking, such as Canada's [[National Non-Smoking Week]].

From 1965 to 2006, rates of smoking in the United States declined from 42% to 20.8%.<ref name="RockEtAlCDC2006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm|title=Cigarette Smoking Among Adults --- United States, 2006|access-date=1 January 2009|author=VJ Rock, MPH, A Malarcher, JW Kahende, K Asman, MSPH, C Husten, MD, R Caraballo|date=9 November 2007|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|quote=In 2006, an estimated 20.8% (45.3&nbsp;million) of U.S. adults[...]|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816014306/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. Although the per-capita number of smokers decreased, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hilton|first=Matthew|title=Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800–2000: Perfect Pleasures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjM8t6Ul73YC&q=Smoking+in+British+Popular+Culture|access-date=22 March 2009|date=4 May 2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5257-6|pages=229–241|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114064553/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjM8t6Ul73YC&q=Smoking+in+British+Popular+Culture|url-status=live}}</ref> The trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either leveled-off or declined. In the [[developing world]], however, tobacco consumption continued to rise at 3.4% in 2002.<ref name="WHO2002FactSheet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm|title=WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics|access-date=1 January 2009|date=28 May 2002|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108181404/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm|archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> In Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gilman|Xun|2004|pp=46–57}}</ref> In 2008, [[Russia]] (70.2%), [[Indonesia]] (65.3%), [[Belarus]] (63.6%), [[Ukraine]] (63.3%), [[Laos]] (62.5%), [[Greece]] (62.4%), [[Jordan]] (61.7%), [[Tonga]] (61.1%), [[China]] (60.8%), and [[North Korea]] (59.5%) were ranked the first by adjusted prevalence estimate of the percent of male population smoking tobacco.<ref name="MPOWER 2008 pp=267–288">{{harvnb|MPOWER|2008|pp=267–288}}</ref>