Editing Timeline of black hole physics (section)

=== 1960s ===
* 1963&nbsp;— [[Roy Kerr]] solves the Einstein vacuum field equations for uncharged symmetric rotating systems, deriving the [[Kerr metric]] for a [[rotating black hole]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Roy P. |author-link=Roy Kerr |date=1963 |title=Gravitational Field of a Spinning Mass as an Example of Algebraically Special Metrics |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=237–238 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.237 |bibcode=1963PhRvL..11..237K }}</ref><ref >Melia, Fulvio (2009). "Cracking the Einstein code: relativity and the birth of black hole physics, with an Afterword by Roy Kerr", Princeton University Press, Princeton, {{ISBN|978-0226519517}}</ref>{{rp|69–81}}
* 1963&nbsp;— [[Maarten Schmidt]] discovers and analyzes the first [[quasar]], [[3C 273]], as a highly red-shifted [[active galactic nucleus]], a billion light years away<ref>{{cite news|title=Maarten Schmidt, First Astronomer to Identify a Quasar, Dies at 92|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/science/space/maarten-schmidt-dead.html|first=Clay|last=Risen|date=22 September 2022|access-date=22 September 2022|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
* 1964&nbsp;— [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich|Yakov Zel’dovich]] and independently [[Edwin Salpeter]] propose that accretion discs around [[supermassive black holes]] are responsible for the huge amounts of energy radiated by [[quasar]]s<ref name="Thorne" />
* 1964&nbsp;— [[Hong-Yee Chiu]] coins the word ''quasar'' for a 'quasi-stellar radio source' in his article in [[Physics Today]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiu |first1=Hong-Yee |title=Gravitational collapse |journal=Physics Today |date=May 1964 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=21–34 |doi=10.1063/1.3051610 |bibcode=1964PhT....17e..21C |url=https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.3051610 |quote=So far, the clumsily long name 'quasi-stellar radio sources' is used to describe these objects. Because the nature of these objects is entirely unknown, it is hard to prepare a short, appropriate nomenclature for them so that their essential properties are obvious from their name. For convenience, the abbreviated form 'quasar' will be used throughout this paper.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_290743|title=Hong-Yee Chiu (b. 1932)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives, Accession 90-105, Science Service Records, Image No. SIA2008-0238|accessdate=April 6, 2013|quote=Summary: Chinese-American astrophysicist Hong-Yee Chiu (b. 1932) is credited with coining the term "quasar" in 1964.}}</ref>
* 1964&nbsp;— The first recorded use of the term "black hole" in writing, by journalist Ann Ewing<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartusiak |first=Marcia |title=Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled On by Hawking Became Loved |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21363-8 |location=New Haven, CT}}</ref>
* 1965&nbsp;— [[Roger Penrose]] proves that an imploding star will necessarily produce a singularity once it has formed an [[event horizon]]<ref name=Penrose1965>{{cite journal|last1=Penrose|first1=Roger|title=Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=January 1965|volume=14|issue=3|pages=57–59|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57|bibcode = 1965PhRvL..14...57P }}</ref>
* 1965&nbsp;— [[Ezra T. Newman]], E. Couch, K. Chinnapared, A. Exton, A. Prakash, and Robert Torrence solve the Einstein–Maxwell field equations for [[Kerr-Newman metric|charged, rotating]] systems
* 1966&nbsp;— [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich|Yakov Zel’dovich]] and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]] propose searching for black hole candidates among binary systems in which one star is optically bright and X-ray dark and the other optically dark but X-ray bright (the black hole candidate)<ref name="Thorne" />
* 1967&nbsp;— [[Jocelyn Bell]] discovers and analyzes the first radio [[pulsar]], direct evidence for a [[neutron star]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferrarese |first1=Laura |last2=Ford |first2=Holland |title=Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research |journal=Space Science Reviews |date=February 2005 |volume=116 |issue=3–4 |pages=523–624 |quote=it is fair to say that the single most influential event contributing to the acceptance of black holes was the 1967 discovery of pulsars by graduate student Jocelyn Bell. The clear evidence of the existence of neutron stars – which had been viewed with much skepticism until then – combined with the presence of a critical mass above which stability cannot be achieved, made the existence of stellar-mass black holes inescapable.|doi=10.1007/s11214-005-3947-6 |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..523F |arxiv=astro-ph/0411247 |s2cid=119091861 }}</ref>
* 1967&nbsp;— [[Werner Israel]] presents the proof of the [[no-hair theorem]] at [[King's College London]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Israel |first=Werner |journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=164 |pages=1776–1779 |date=1967 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.164.1776 |title=Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times |issue=5 |bibcode=1967PhRv..164.1776I }}</ref>
* 1967&nbsp;— [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]] introduces the term "black hole" in his lecture to the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]<ref name="Thorne" />
* 1968&nbsp;— [[Brandon Carter]] uses [[Hamilton–Jacobi theory]] to derive first-order equations of motion for a charged [[Subatomic particle|particle]] moving in the external fields of a Kerr–Newman black hole
* 1969&nbsp;— [[Roger Penrose]] discusses the [[Penrose process]] for the extraction of the [[Spin (physics)|spin]] [[energy]] from a Kerr black hole<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author-link=Roger Penrose |last2=Floyd |first2=R. M. |date=February 1971 |title=Extraction of Rotational Energy from a Black Hole |journal=Nature Physical Science |language=en |volume=229 |issue=6 |pages=177–179 |doi=10.1038/physci229177a0 |bibcode=1971NPhS..229..177P |issn=0300-8746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Misner |first1=Charles W. |author-link=Charles W. Misner |title=Gravitation |title-link=Gravitation (book) |last2=Thorne |first2=Kip S. |author-link2=Kip Thorne |last3=Wheeler |first3=John Archibald |author-link3=John Archibald Wheeler |date=1973 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-0334-1 |location=San Francisco}}Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler, ''[[Gravitation (book)|Gravitation]]'', Freeman and Company, 1973.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams |first=R. K. |date=1995 |title=Extracting X rays, Ύ rays, and relativistic e<sup>−</sup>e<sup>+</sup> pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the Penrose mechanism |journal=Physical Review D |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=5387–5427 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387 |bibcode = 1995PhRvD..51.5387W |pmid=10018300}}</ref>
* 1969&nbsp;— Roger Penrose proposes the [[cosmic censorship hypothesis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penrose |first=Roger |year=1969 |title=Gravitational Collapse: the Role of General Relativity |journal=[[Nuovo Cimento]] |series=Rivista Serie |volume=1 |pages=252 |bibcode=1969NCimR...1..252P}}</ref>