Editing The Star-Spangled Banner (section)

===National anthem===
[[File:Star-Spangled Banner plaque.JPG|thumb|A [[commemorative plaque]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], marking the site at 601 [[Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Pennsylvania Avenue]] where "The Star-Spangled Banner" was first publicly sung]]
[[File:Defence of Fort M'Henry broadside.jpg|thumb|One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence of Fort M'Henry", a poem that later became the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States]]
The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century, and bands played it during public events such as [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] celebrations.

A plaque displayed at [[Fort Meade (South Dakota)|Fort Meade]], [[South Dakota]], claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, post commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Daniel S. Lamont]] issued an order that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat."<ref>Plaque, Fort Meade, erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society</ref>

In 1889, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner".<ref name="gdn">{{cite news|last1=Cavanaugh|first1=Ray|title=The Star-Spangled Banner: an American anthem with a very British beginning|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/04/star-spangled-banner-national-anthem-british-origins|access-date=September 27, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> In 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military<ref name="gdn"/> and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the [[seventh-inning stretch]] of Game One of the [[1918 World Series]], and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a [[Professional baseball|baseball]] game,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baseballisms.com/cubs-vs-red-sox-1918-world-series-a-tradition-is-born.html |title=Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series: A Tradition is Born |website=Baseballisms.com |date=May 21, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at [[Opening Day]] ceremonies in [[Philadelphia]] and then more regularly at the [[Polo Grounds]] in [[New York City]] beginning in 1898. The tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0711/music.traditions.sports/content.3.html |title=Musical Traditions in Sports: National Anthems |access-date=February 3, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060554/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0711/music.traditions.sports/content.3.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

Between 1918 and 1929, [[John Charles Linthicum]], the [[Member of Congress|U.S. congressman]] from [[Maryland]] at the time, introduced a series of six unsuccessful bills to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.<ref name= linthicum>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/539402147/ National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31]". ''The Baltimore Sun''. January 23, 1930. p. 4.</ref>

In 1927, with the thought that "The Star-Spangled Banner" was unsuited for a national anthem, the [[National Federation of Music Clubs]] sponsored a composition contest to nominate a national anthem. They selected the text of ''[[America the Beautiful|America The Beautiful]]''; 901 compositions were submitted for the $1,500 prize ({{Inflation|US|1500|1927|fmt=eq}}). [[Frank Damrosch]], [[Frederick Converse]], [[Felix Borowski]], and [[Peter C. Lutkin|Peter Lutkin]] judged the compositions but nominated no winner.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1927-05-02 |title=Music: Russian Rebuke |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,751675,00.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

On November 3, 1929, [[Robert Ripley]] drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, ''[[Ripley's Believe it or Not!]]'', saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ripleysnewsroom.com/anthem/ |title=Company News – Ripley Entertainment Inc |website=Ripleysnewsroom.com |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>

In 1930, [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.<ref name= vfw>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/99050173/ 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem: Fifty-Mile Petition Supports "The Star-Spangled Banner" Bill]". ''[[The New York Times]]''. January 19, 1930. p. 31.</ref> Five million people signed the petition.<ref name= vfw/> The petition was presented to the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary]] on January 31, 1930.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/150159183/ 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem: Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today]". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. January 31, 1930. p. 2.</ref> On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/99097518/ Committee Hears Star-Spangled Banner Sung: Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem]". ''The New York Times''. February 1, 1930. p. 1.</ref> The committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/99004508/ 'Star-Spangled Banner' Favored As Anthem in Report to House]". ''[[The New York Times]]''. February 5, 1930. p. 3.</ref> The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] passed the bill later that year.<ref name= voted/> The [[United States Senate|Senate]] passed the bill on March 3, 1931.<ref name= voted>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/99446706/ 'Star Spangled Banner' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress]". ''[[The New York Times]]''. March 4, 1931. p. 1.</ref> [[President of the United States of America|President]] [[Herbert Hoover]] signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America.<ref name= adopted>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/150173140/ "Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Anthem]". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. March 5, 1931. p. 3.</ref> As currently codified, the [[United States Code]] states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|36|301}}.</ref> Although all four stanzas of the poem officially compose the National Anthem, only the first stanza is generally sung, the other three being much less well known.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akins |first=Ravyn |date=2018-01-28 |title=Why we sing one verse of the national anthem |url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/local/article/Why-we-sing-one-verse-of-the-national-anthem-12527008.php |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=StamfordAdvocate |language=en-US |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330230142/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/local/article/Why-we-sing-one-verse-of-the-national-anthem-12527008.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom. "[[Hail, Columbia]]" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. "[[My Country, 'Tis of Thee]]", whose melody is identical to "[[God Save the King]]", the United Kingdom's national anthem,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000012/default.html
   |title=My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]
   |publisher=The Library of Congress
   |access-date=January 20, 2009
}}</ref> also served as a ''[[de facto]]'' national anthem.<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Lois Leo |author-link=Louis Leo Snyder |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |publisher=Paragon House |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd/page/13 13] |isbn=1-55778-167-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd/page/13 }}</ref> Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them "[[America the Beautiful]]", which itself was being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become the national anthem of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/america-the-beautiful-p2-2456277 |title=Who Wrote "America the Beautiful"? The History of America's Unofficial National Anthem |last=Estrella |first=Espie |date=September 2, 2018 |website=thoughtco.com |publisher=ThoughtCo |access-date=November 14, 2018 |quote=Many consider "America the Beautiful" to be the unofficial national anthem of the United States. In fact, it was one of the songs being considered as a U.S. national anthem before "Star Spangled Banner" was officially chosen. |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224212/https://www.thoughtco.com/america-the-beautiful-p2-2456277 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the fourth verse, Key's 1814 published version of the poem is written as, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust!""<ref name="Defence of Fort M'Henry"/> In 1956 when '[[In God We Trust]]' was under consideration to be adopted as the national motto of the United States by the US Congress, the words of the fourth verse of ''The Star Spangled Banner'' were brought up in arguments supporting adoption of the motto.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Adopting In God We Trust as the U.S. National Motto|vauthors=Fisher, Louis, (([[Nada Mourtada-Sabbah|Mourtada-Sabbah, Nada]]))|journal=[[Journal of Church and State]]|volume=44|date=2002|issue=4|pages=682–83|doi=10.1093/jcs/44.4.671|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jchs44&id=685&collection=journals&index=|via=[[HeinOnline]]|url-access=subscription | issn=0021-969X }} (Referencing H. Rept. No. 1959, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. (1956) and S. Rept. No. 2703, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. (1956), 2.)</ref>