Editing Thailand (section)

=== Early Tai confederate cities: (691 BCE – 13th century CE) ===
{{see also|Initial states of Thailand|Lan Na}}
[[File:Tai Migration.svg|thumb|240px|Map showing geographic distribution of [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai linguistic family]]. Arrows represent general pattern of the migration of [[Tai peoples|Tai-speaking tribes]] along the rivers and over the lower passes.<ref name="Baker 2017" />{{rp|27}}]]
[[File:Location Lanna (under King Tilok).png|thumb|240px|[[Lan Na]] kingdom during the reign of [[Tilokaraj]] ({{tooltip|r.|reign}} 1441–1487)]]
Theoretically, [[Tai-Kadai]]-speaking people formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the [[Yangtze basin]]. Some groups later migrated south to [[Guangxi]].<ref name="Chamberlain 2016">{{cite journal |last = Chamberlain |first = James R. |year = 2016 |title = Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam |url = https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 |journal = Journal of the Siam Society|volume = 104 |pages = 27–77 |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 3 January 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230103043101/https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 |url-status = live }}</ref> However, after several bloody centuries against [[China|Chinese]] influence in [[Guangxi]] between 333 BCE and the 11th century, hundreds of thousands of Tais were killed,<ref>{{citation | title = From Yue To Tai | first = Chris | last = Baker | author-link1 = Chris Baker (writer) | journal = Journal of the Siam Society | volume = 90 | issue = 1–2 | year = 2002 | pages = 1–26 | url = http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf | access-date = 3 May 2018 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000932/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/2001/JSS_090_0b_Baker_YueToThai.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|5}}<ref>{{citation
  | title = The Birth of Vietnam
  | given1 = Keith W.
  | surname1 = Taylor
  | author-link1 = Keith Taylor (historian)
  | publisher = University of California Press
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA18
  | year = 1991
  | isbn = 978-0-520-07417-0
  | access-date = 1 November 2020
  | archive-date = 7 July 2023
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230707155549/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA18
  | url-status = live
  }}</ref>{{rp|193, 239–249}} thus, [[Tai people]] began to move southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into the mountain north of [[Southeast Asia]] and river valleys in present-day [[Assam]] of [[India]].{{sfn|Baker|Phongpaichit|2017|p= 26}}<ref>{{Citation |last = Evans |first = Grant |title = A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between |url = https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Laos.pdf |year = 2002 |postscript = . |publisher = Allen & Unwin |isbn = 978-1-86448-997-2 |access-date = 18 January 2024 |archive-date = 29 February 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191509/https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/history/A%20Short%20History%20of%20Laos.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Some evidence indicates that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 [[Uriyangkhadai#Invasion of Yunnan and Tibet|Mongol invasion of Dali]]; however, it is not generally accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Yuting |last2=Chen |first2=Lufan |year=1989 |title=Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South? |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf |journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]] |volume=77 |issue=1c |quote=The Thai people in the north as well as in the south did not in any sense "migrate en masse to the south" after [[Kublai Khan]]'s conquest of the [[Dali Kingdom]] |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909224400/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|38}}

Tais defeated [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous tribes]] and emerged as the new power in the new region. As a result, several Tai city-states were established, scattered from [[Điện Biên Phủ]] in present-day northwestern [[Vietnam]] and highland [[Southeast Asia]] to [[northeastern India]].<ref name="jumsai1967">{{cite book|last=Jumsai|first=M.L. Manich|title=History of Laos|date=1967-08-05|publisher=Chalermnit |isbn=978-974-7390-21-6}}</ref><ref name="iml">{{cite book|last=Ratanavongsa|first=Prince Phetsarath|title=The Iron Man of Laos|date=1978|publisher=Dalley Book Service, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="PittayawatPittayaporn"/> 

According to the ''Simhanavati legend'' given in several chronicles, the first Tai city-state in northern Thailand, [[Singhanavati]], was founded around the 7th century.<ref name="wieng">{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/09/file/VlgtCnpcC8lb56DrYVwSxhkD0KppEIHHFYgZHxZn.pdf|title=Wiang Nong Lom Cultural Heritage|year=2023|accessdate=21 January 2024|publisher=[[Fine Arts Department]] of Thailand|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121092447/https://www.finearts.go.th/storage/contents/2023/09/file/VlgtCnpcC8lb56DrYVwSxhkD0KppEIHHFYgZHxZn.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|5, 9}} However, several modern [[geology]] and [[archaeology]] studies found that its centre, Yonok Nahaphan, dates from 691 BCE–545 CE;<ref name="wieng" />{{rp|7}}<ref name="fine">{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/fad7/view/26134-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2|title=เมืองโยนก นครในตำนานล้านนา|language=th|year=2022|accessdate=18 January 2024|publisher=[[Fine Arts Department]] of Thailand|archivedate=18 January 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240118051652/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad7/view/26134-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2}}</ref><ref name="era">{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394|title=พระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช ในตำนานล้านนา นัยสำคัญของกษัตริย์สืบสายทางธรรม VS สายเลือด|date=28 January 2022|accessdate=23 January 2024|language=th|author=พิเศษ เจียจันทร์พงษ์|website=silpa-mag.com|archivedate=23 January 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240123005838/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_9394}}</ref><ref name="mgryo">{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000029196|title="รอยเลื่อนแม่จัน" กับ "โยนกเชียงแสน" ตำนานที่อาจมีอายุมากกว่า 1,800 ปี|language=th|date=24 April 2020|work=[[Manager Daily]]|archivedate=18 January 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240118051935/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000029196}}</ref> this roughly coincides with the establishment of [[Shan people#History|Shan States]], another Tai's federated principalities in the present-day northeast [[Myanmar]].<ref>Du & Chen (1989), p. 38</ref><ref>''Hou Hanshu'' [https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-he-xiao-shang-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result vol. 5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094638/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-he-xiao-shang-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result |date=8 October 2023 }} "九年春正月, 永昌徼外蠻夷及撣國重譯奉貢."</ref><ref>Hou Hanshu [https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-an-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result vol. 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094430/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-an-di-ji?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result |date=8 October 2023 }} txt: "十二月, 永昌徼外撣國遣使貢獻."</ref><ref>Hou Hanshu [https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-shun-xiao-chong-xiao-zhi?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result vol. 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094636/https://ctext.org/hou-han-shu/xiao-shun-xiao-chong-xiao-zhi?searchu=%E6%92%A3%E5%9C%8B&searchmode=showall#result |date=8 October 2023 }} txt: "十二月, 日南徼外葉調國、撣國遣使貢獻."</ref> as well as [[Muang Sua]] ([[Luang Prabang]]) in the east.<ref name="Viravond">{{cite web |url=http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf |title=HISTORY OF LAOS |author=Maha Sila Viravond |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=Refugee Educators' Network |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403030051/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_viravong.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Manich">{{cite web |url=http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf |title=HISTORY OF LAOS (including the history of Lonnathai, Chiangmai) |author=M.L. Manich |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=Refugee Educators' Network |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008182646/http://www.reninc.org/bookshelf/history_of_laos_manich.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> 

After Singhanavati was submerged below [[Chiang Saen Lake]] due to an [[earthquake]] in 545,<ref name="fine" /><ref name="mgryo" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Spencer H.|last2=Wood|first2=Layle R.|last3=Ziegler|first3=Alan D.|date=2015-11-02|title=Natural degradation of earthworks, trenches, walls and moats, Northern Thailand|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=40|issue=6|pages=675–694|doi=10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645|s2cid=32414373|issn=0093-4690|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118052630/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2015.1103645|url-status=live}}</ref> the survivors then founded a new seat at {{ill|Wieng–Prueksha|th|เวียงปรึกษา}}. The kingdom lasted for another 93 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finearts.go.th/kamphaengphetmuseum/view/36351-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-3|title=ตามหาเมืองเงินยาง ตอน 3|website=finearts.go.th|accessdate=10 November 2023|language=th|archivedate=3 November 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231103080945/https://www.finearts.go.th/kamphaengphetmuseum/view/36351-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-3}}</ref>

In addition to [[Singhanavati]], another northern principality probably related to the Tai people, [[Ngoenyang]], was established as the successor of Singhanavati in 638 by {{ill|Lavachakkaraj|th|ปู่เจ้าลาวจก}}, also centred in {{ill|Wieng–Prueksha|th|เวียงปรึกษา}} (present-day [[Mae Sai District]], [[Chiang Rai province|Chiang Rai]]).<ref name="Baker 2014" />{{rp|8}} Its seat was moved to [[Chiang Mai]] in 1262 by King [[Mangrai]], which considered the foundation of the [[Lan Na]] kingdom. Mangrai unified the surrounding area and also created a network of states through political alliances to the east and north of the [[Mekong]]. His dynasty would rule the kingdom continuously for the next two centuries.<ref name="Baker 2014" />{{rp|8}} [[Lan Na]] expanded its territory southward and annexed the [[Mon people|Mon]] [[Hariphunchai]] of [[Dvaravati]] in 1292.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|208}}

In the late tenth century, Tai people began to migrate further south to the present-day upper [[central Thailand]].<ref name=ch>{{cite book|last=Thepthani|first=Phra Borihan|title=Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times|date=1953|accessdate=5 November 2023|language=th|archivedate=5 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105023428/http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html#p=1|publisher=S. Thammasamakkhi|url=http://www.car.chula.ac.th/rarebook/book2/clra53_0235/mobile/index.html}}</ref>{{rp|46–9, 83–6}} Around the 1100s period, several cities in this area, such as Songkwae, Sawankhalok, and Chakangrao, were ruled by the Tai people, and they eventually launched several battles against the pre-existing [[Mon people|Mon]] of [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]], who had been falling under [[Chenla]] and [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] influences since the 7th century, thus bringing the establishment of the Tai people's independent state, [[Sukhothai Kingdom]], in the upper [[Chao Phraya River]] valley in 1238.<ref name="Wyatt 1984" />{{rp|52–3}}

The earliest conflict between [[Tai people]] and the preexisting ethnics was recorded in the mid-4th century when the ruler of [[Singhanavati]], {{ill|Pangkharat|th|พระเจ้าพังคราช}}, forcibly lost the seat at Yonok to King Khom from Umongasela (present-day [[Fang district|Fang]]). He then fled to Vieng Si Tuang ({{lang|th|เวียงศรีทวง}}; present-day Wiang Phang Kham, [[Mae Sai district]]) but had to send tributes to Yonok annually until his son, [[Phrom]], took back Yonok and expelled King Khom from Umongasela.<ref name=krai/><ref name=prom>{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000032394|title=๒ มหาราชของคนไทยก่อนเกิดประเทศไทย! ๒ เมืองหลวงเป็นอำเภอและจังหวัดในปัจจุบัน!!|date=7 April 2023|accessdate=19 January 2024|language=th|work=[[Manager Daily]]|author=โรม บุนนาค|archivedate=19 January 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240119005234/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000032394}}</ref><ref name=chiangrai>{{cite web|url=http://123.242.164.131/cpwp/?page_id=60|title=ประวัติของจังหวัดเชียงราย|trans-title=History of Chiang Rai Province|year=2024|accessdate=21 January 2024|language=th|publisher=Chiang Rai Provincial Administrative Organization|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240121100907/http://123.242.164.131/cpwp/?page_id=60}}</ref> [[Phrom]] also marched the troops south to occupy [[Kamphaeng Phet province|Chakangrao]] from the enemy as well as founding the city of [[Phitsanulok|Songkwae]].<ref name=krai/> Some historians suggest that [[Lavo Kingdom|Lavo]]'s capital, [[Lopburi]], was once seized by [[Phrom]].<ref name=krai>{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_89008|title=เมืองลพบุรีเป็นของไทยเมื่อใด?|language=th|date=30 December 2022|author=สงบ สุริยินทร์|website=silpa-mag.com|archivedate=25 December 2023|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231225062249/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_89008|accessdate=25 December 2023}}</ref> In contrast, [[Tai people]] instead established relationships with Siamese Mon via [[royal intermarriage]]s.<ref name=ch/>{{rp|46–9, 83–6}}