Editing Terra Australis (section)

===Origins<span class="anchor" id="Origins of Terra Australis"></span>===
[[File:Claudius Ptolemy- The World.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A printed map from the 15th century depicting [[Ptolemy]]'s description of the ''[[Ecumene]]'', by Johannes Schnitzer (1482)]]
In the fourth century B.C. [[Aristotle]] hypothesized that the continents of the northern hemisphere must be balanced out by an unknown landmass in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Dashiell |title=The Literary Mirroring of Aboriginal Australia and the Caribbean |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198879893 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbXxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Ptolemy]] (2nd century AD) believed that the [[Indian Ocean]] was enclosed on the south by land, and that the lands of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] should be balanced by land in the [[Southern hemisphere|south]].<ref name=Wilford /> [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] used the term ''cingulus australis'' ("southern zone") in referring to the Antipodes in ''[[Somnium Scipionis]]'' ("Dream of Scipio").<ref>Duo [cingulis] sunt habitabiles, quorum australis ille, in quo qui insistunt adversa vobis urgent vestigia, nihil ad vestrum genus ("Two of them [the five belts or zones that gird and surround the earth] are habitable, of which the southern, whose inhabitants are your antipodes, bears no relation to your people"). Alfred Hiatt, "Terra Australis and the Idea of the Antipodes", Anne M. Scott (ed), ''European Perceptions of Terra Australis,'' Ashgate Publishing, 2012, pp.&nbsp;18–10.</ref> The land (''terra'' in Latin) in this zone was the ''Terra Australis''.<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Eisler |title=The Furthest Shore: Images of Terra Australis from the Middle Ages to Captain Cook |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |pages=10 |isbn=0-521-39268-3 }}</ref>
[[File:Piri reis world map 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Fragment of the [[Piri Reis map]] by [[Piri Reis]] in 1513, possibly showing ''Terra Australis'']]
[[File:Schöner globe 1520 western hemisphere.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Western hemisphere of the [[Johannes Schöner]] [[Johannes Schöner globe|globe]] from 1520]]
[[Image:Map-heart-054.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|[[Oronce Fine]] 1531 double cordiform (heart-shaped) map of the world]]
[[File:Gerard De Jode, Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi, 1578.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Gerard de Jode]], ''Universi Orbis seu Terreni Globi,'' 1578. This is a copy on one sheet of Abraham Ortelius' eight-sheet ''Typus Orbis Terrarum,'' 1564. The ''Terra Australis'' is shown extending northward as far as New Guinea.]]
Legends of ''Terra Australis Incognita''{{mdash}}an "unknown land of the South"{{mdash}}date back to Roman times and before, and were commonplace in medieval geography, although not based on any documented knowledge of the continent. Ptolemy's maps, which became well known in Europe during the [[Renaissance]], did not actually depict such a continent, but they did show an Africa which had no southern oceanic boundary (and which therefore might extend all the way to the South Pole), and also raised the possibility that the [[Indian Ocean]] was entirely enclosed by land. Christian thinkers did not discount the idea that there might be land beyond the southern seas, but the issue of [[Antipodes#Historical significance|whether it could be inhabited was controversial]].

The first depiction of ''Terra Australis'' on a globe was probably on [[Johannes Schöner]]'s lost 1523 globe on which [[Oronce Fine]] is thought to have based his 1531 double cordiform (heart-shaped) map of the world.<ref>Albert-Marie-Ferdinand Anthiaume, "Un pilote et cartographe havrais au XVIe siècle: Guillaume Le Testu", ''Bulletin de Géographie Historique et Descriptive,'' Paris, Nos 1–2, 1911, pp.&nbsp;135–202, n.b. p.&nbsp;176.</ref><ref>Franz von Wieser, ''Magalhães-Strasse und Austral-Continent. Auf den Globen Johannes Schöner. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Erdkunde im xvi. Jahrhundert,'' Innsbruck, 1881 (reprinted Amsterdam, Meridian, 1967)</ref> On this landmass he wrote "recently discovered but not yet completely explored".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pelletier|first=Monique|title=The cordiform World maps by Oronce Fine|journal=Cartographica Helvetica|year=1995|volume=12|pages=27–37|url=http://www.kartengeschichte.ch/ch/summaries/e12d.html|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> The body of water beyond the tip of South America is called the "Mare Magellanicum", one of the first uses of navigator Ferdinand Magellan's name in such a context.<ref name=Fineus>Orontius Fineus: Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, 1531, (147.03.00)</ref>

Schöner called the continent ''Brasiliae Australis'' in his 1533 tract, ''Opusculum geographicum''. In it, he explained: <blockquote>Brasilia Australis is an immense region toward Antarcticum, newly discovered but not yet fully surveyed, which extends as far as Melacha and somewhat beyond. The inhabitants of this region lead good, honest lives and are not Anthropophagi [cannibals] like other barbarian nations; they have no letters, nor do they have kings, but they venerate their elders and offer them obedience; they give the name Thomas to their children [after [[Saint Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas the Apostle]]]; close to this region lies the great island of Zanzibar at 102.00 degrees and 27.30 degrees South.<ref>Johannes Schoener, ''Opusculum Geographicum,'' Norimberga, [1533], Pt.II, cap.xx. [{{GBurl|id=EYMEAAAAQAAJ|q=Braziliae}} Ioannis Schoneri ... Opusculum geographicum ]</ref></blockquote>