Editing Tennessine (section)

===Discovery===
ORNL resumed californium production in spring&nbsp;2008. Hamilton noted the restart during the summer and made a deal on subsequent extraction of berkelium<ref>{{cite web |last=Witze |first=Alexandra |year=2010 |title=The backstory behind a new element |website=Science News |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/deleted-scenes/backstory-behind-new-element |access-date=2016-06-12}}</ref> (the price was about $600,000).<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=S.|author-link=Samanth Subramanian|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist|title=Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist|website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]| date=28 August 2019 |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> During a September&nbsp;2008 symposium at [[Vanderbilt University]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Tennessee, celebrating his 50th year on the Physics faculty, Hamilton introduced Oganessian to James Roberto (then the deputy director for science and technology at ORNL).<ref name="symposiumintro">{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Siner |year=2016 |title=How scientists plan to enshrine Tennessee on the periodic table of elements |publisher=National Public Radio |url=https://nashvillepublicradio.org/post/how-scientists-plan-enshrine-tennessee-periodic-table-elements |access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref> They established a collaboration among JINR, ORNL, and Vanderbilt.<ref name="InsideScience" /> [[Clarice Phelps]] was part of ORNL's team that collaborated with JINR;<ref name="Phelps">{{Cite web|url=https://iupac.org/100/chemist/clarice-phelps-es/|title=Clarice Phelps|website=IUPAC 100}}</ref> this is particularly notable as because of it the IUPAC recognizes her as the first [[African-American]] woman to be involved with the discovery of a chemical element.<ref name="Phelps"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iupac.org/100/pt-of-chemist/|title=PT of Younger Chemists|website=IUPAC 100}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oakridger.com/news/20190729/two-ornl-researchers-featured-on-periodic-table-of-younger-chemists | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729202324/https://www.oakridger.com/news/20190729/two-ornl-researchers-featured-on-periodic-table-of-younger-chemists | archive-date=29 July 2019 | title=Two ORNL researchers featured on 'Periodic Table of Younger Chemists' - News - Oakridger - Oak Ridge, TN - Oak Ridge, TN | work=Oakridger - Oak Ridge, TN }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Claire |date=2019 |title=The overlooked element makers |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/online/31578 |journal=Physics Today |issue=9 |page=31578 |bibcode=2019PhT..2019i1578J |doi=10.1063/PT.6.4.20190930a}}</ref> The eventual collaborating institutions also included  [[The University of Tennessee, Knoxville|The University of Tennessee (Knoxville)]], [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[Research Institute of Atomic Reactors|The Research Institute for Advanced Reactors (Russia)]], and [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|The University of Nevada (Las Vegas)]].<ref name="TS_Program">{{cite web| title=The Discovery of Tennessine|website=Oak Ridge National Laboratory | url=https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/Ts_Program%20Final%20sm.pdf |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref> 

[[File:Berkelium.jpg|thumb|left|The berkelium target used for the synthesis (in solution)|alt=A very small sample of a blue liquid in a plastic pipette held by a hand wearing heavy protection equipment]]

In November 2008, the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]], which had oversight over the [[High Flux Isotope Reactor|reactor in Oak Ridge]], allowed the scientific use of the extracted berkelium.<ref name="discoveryornl">{{cite press release |first=James |last=Roberto |year=2010 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |title=The discovery of element&nbsp;117 |url=https://www.fornl.info/Presentations/Discovery%20of%20Element%20117%20final.pdf |access-date=2017-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021230058/https://www.fornl.info/Presentations/Discovery%20of%20Element%20117%20final.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-21}}</ref>

The production lasted 250&nbsp;days and ended in late December&nbsp;2008,<ref name="forthepress" /> resulting in 22&nbsp;milligrams of berkelium, enough to perform the experiment.<ref name="eurekalert" /> In January 2009, the berkelium was removed from ORNL's High Flux Isotope Reactor;<ref name="discoveryornl" /> it was subsequently cooled for 90 days and then processed at ORNL's Radiochemical Engineering and Development Center to separate and purify the berkelium material, which took another 90 days.<ref name="InsideScience" /> Its [[half-life]] is only 330&nbsp;days: this means, after that time, half the berkelium produced would have [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. Because of this, the berkelium target had to be quickly transported to Russia; for the experiment to be viable, it had to be completed within six months of its departure from the United States.<ref name="InsideScience">{{cite web |title=An Atom at the End of the Material World |year=2010 |first=J. S. |last=Bardi |url=https://www.insidescience.org/content/atom-end-material-world/1042 |publisher=Inside Science |access-date=2015-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202174353/http://www.insidescience.org/content/atom-end-material-world/1042|archivedate=December 2, 2023}}</ref> The target was packed into five lead containers to be flown from New York to Moscow.<ref name="InsideScience" />
Russian customs officials twice refused to let the target enter the country because of missing or incomplete paperwork. Over the span of a few days, the target traveled over the Atlantic Ocean five times.<ref name="InsideScience" /> On its arrival in Russia in June 2009, the berkelium was immediately transferred to [[Research Institute of Atomic Reactors]] (RIAR) in [[Dimitrovgrad (Russia)|Dimitrovgrad]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast]], where it was deposited as a 300-[[nanometer]]-thin layer on a [[titanium]] film.<ref name="forthepress">{{cite press release |publisher=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |title=For the Press |year=2010 |url=https://flerovlab.jinr.ru/linkc/117/For%20press%20Z=117.doc |access-date=2015-07-28 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120450/https://flerovlab.jinr.ru/linkc/117/For%20press%20Z=117.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July&nbsp;2009, it was transported to Dubna,<ref name="forthepress" /> where it was installed in the [[particle accelerator]] at the JINR.<ref name="eurekalert">{{cite press release |last=Stark |first=A.M. |year=2010 |title=International team discovers element&nbsp;117 |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|DOE]] / [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-04/dlnl-itd040610.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407155147/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-04/dlnl-itd040610.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2010 |access-date=2012-11-29 }}</ref> The [[calcium-48]] beam was generated by [[extraction (chemistry)|chemically extracting]] the small quantities of calcium-48 present in naturally occurring calcium, enriching it 500 times.<ref name="discoveryornl" /> This work was done in the [[Closed city|closed town]] of [[Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast]], Russia.<ref name="discoveryornl" />

The experiment began in late July&nbsp;2009.<ref name="discoveryornl" /> In January 2010, scientists at the [[Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] announced internally that they had detected the [[Radioactive decay|decay]] of a new element with atomic number&nbsp;117 via two decay chains: one of an [[odd-odd nuclei|odd–odd]] isotope undergoing 6&nbsp;[[alpha decay]]s before [[spontaneous fission]], and one of an [[odd-even nuclei|odd–even]] isotope undergoing 3 alpha decays before fission.<ref name="E117">{{cite conference |url=https://www.jinr.ru/img_sections/PAC/NP/31/PAK_NP_31_recom_eng.pdf |title=Recommendations|conference=31st meeting, PAC for nuclear physics |last=Greiner |first=W. |page=6 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173735/https://www.jinr.ru/img_sections/PAC/NP/31/PAK_NP_31_recom_eng.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-14}}</ref> The obtained data from the experiment was sent to the LLNL for further analysis.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Nations work together to discover new element |year=2011 |publisher=U.S. [[Department of Energy]] |department=DOE Office of Science |website=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] |url=https://science.energy.gov/news/featured-articles/2011/127004/ |access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref> On 9&nbsp;April 2010, an official report was released in the journal ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' identifying the isotopes as <sup>294</sup>117 and <sup>293</sup>117, which were shown to have half-lives on the [[order of magnitude|order]] of tens or hundreds of [[millisecond]]s. The work was signed by all parties involved in the experiment to some extent: JINR, ORNL, LLNL, RIAR, Vanderbilt, the [[University of Tennessee]] ([[Knoxville, Tennessee]], U.S.), and the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas|University of Nevada]] ([[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.), which provided data analysis support.<ref name="vanderbilt.edu">{{cite web |title=Heaviest in the world |date=November 2011 |website=Arts and Science Magazine |publisher=Vanderbilt University |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/magazines/arts-and-science/2010-11/heaviest-in-the-world/ |access-date=2016-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503072001/https://www.vanderbilt.edu/magazines/arts-and-science/2010-11/heaviest-in-the-world/ |archive-date=2016-05-03}}</ref> The isotopes were formed as follows:<ref name="117s" />{{efn|A nuclide is commonly denoted by the chemical element's symbol immediately preceded by the mass number as a superscript and the atomic number as a subscript. Neutrons are represented as nuclides with atomic mass&nbsp;1, atomic number&nbsp;0, and symbol '''n'''. Outside the context of nuclear equations, the atomic number is sometimes omitted. An asterisk denotes an extremely short-lived (or even non-existent) intermediate stage of the reaction.}}

:{{nuclide|Berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → <sup>297</sup>117* → <sup>294</sup>117 + 3 {{su|b=0|p=1}}{{SubatomicParticle|neutron}} (1 event)

:{{nuclide|Berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → <sup>297</sup>117* → <sup>293</sup>117 + 4 {{su|b=0|p=1}}{{SubatomicParticle|neutron}} (5 events)