Editing Tel Aviv (section)

===Foundation in Late Ottoman period (1904–1917)===

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| quote = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1909–1917<br/>{{flagicon|UK}} [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]] 1917–1920<br/>{{flagicon|UK}} [[Mandatory Palestine]] 1920–1948<br/>{{flag|Israel}} 1948–present
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[[File:TelAviv-Founding.jpg|thumb|Lottery for the first lots, April 1909]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 49257 Nachlat Binyamin .jpg|thumb|[[Nahalat Binyamin]], 1913]]
The [[Second Aliyah]] led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]] and banded together to form the ''Ahuzat Bayit'' ({{lit|homestead}}) society. One of the society's goals was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century |first=Iris |last=Araviot |journal=The International Journal of the Arts in Society |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994}}</ref> The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the [[garden city movement]].<ref name="JewishVL">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html |title=From Spring Hill to Independence |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175515/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/tahist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali (Karm al-Jabali) near Jaffa by [[Jacobus Kann]], a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |title=Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion |work=Haaretz |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404193456/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meir Dizengoff]], later Tel Aviv's first [[Mayor of Tel Aviv|mayor]], also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |title=Dizengoff, Meir |publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202104/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bridger |first=David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=1976 |orig-year=1906 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |isbn=978-0-87441-120-1 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160749/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |title=Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143130/http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}

On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]], president of the building society.<ref name="AzaryahuTroen2012">{{cite book |last=Azaryahu |first=Maoz |chapter=Tel Aviv's Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959 |page=31 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kosharek |first=Noah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |title=Seashell lottery |work=Haaretz |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145822/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Abraham Soskin (b. 1881 in Russia, made ''[[aliyah]]'' 1906<ref>Nicole Levin, [https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/abraham-soskin-snapshots-of-history/ "Abraham Soskin: Snapshots of History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113105454/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/abraham-soskin-snapshots-of-history/ |date=13 January 2024 }}, Times of Israel, 26 Dec 2021. Accessed 13 Jan 2024.</ref>), documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today [[Rothschild Boulevard]], across from Dizengoff House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |title=Tel-Aviv Centennial – "Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery |website=English.israelphilately.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220608/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a year, [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]], [[Ahad Ha'am]], [[Judah Halevi|Yehuda Halevi]], [[Moshe Leib Lilienblum|Lilienblum]], and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66&nbsp;houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.<ref name="JewishVL" /> At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the [[The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium|Herzliya Hebrew High School]], founded in Jaffa in 1906.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit ("Homestead" in Hebrew). On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.<ref name="brit">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |title=The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition |last=Bernthal |first=Ron |magazine=Travel Writer's Magazine |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108053105/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |archive-date=8 January 2008}}</ref>

By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than {{cvt|1|km2|acre|0}}.<ref name="JewishVL" /> In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |title=1915 Census of Tel-Aviv |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101002438/http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, growth halted in 1917 when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities [[Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation|expelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv]] as a wartime measure.<ref name="JewishVL" /> A report published in ''The New York Times'' by United States Consul Garrels in [[Alexandria|Alexandria, Egypt]] described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.<ref name="Turkish">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |title=The New York Times Current History |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |year=1917 |page=167 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816034429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine.

The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:<ref>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |page=8 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.}}