Editing Tallinn (section)

=== Climate ===
[[File:Tallinna vanalinn päikesetõusu ajal.jpg|thumb|Tallinn's [[Tallinn Old Town|Old Town]] on a September morning.]]

Tallinn has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfb'') with warm, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author1=Peel, M. C. | author2=Finlayson, B. L. | author3=McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn=1027-5606 | doi-access=free | access-date=14 March 2013 | archive-date=3 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Winters are cold, but mild for its latitude, owing to its coastal location. The average temperature in February, the coldest month, is {{convert|-3.6|C|F}}. During the winters, temperatures tend to hover close to freezing, but mild spells of weather can push temperatures above {{convert|0|C|F}}, occasionally reaching above {{convert|5|C}} while cold air masses can push temperatures below {{convert|-18|C}} an average of 6 days a year. Snowfall is common during the winters, which are cloudy<ref name=ncei>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Estonia/CSV/Tallinn-Harku_26038.csv
|title = Tallinn-Harku Climate Normals 1991–2020
|publisher = [[NOAA]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240417073857/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Estonia/CSV/Tallinn-Harku_26038.csv
|archive-date = 2024-04-17}}</ref> and characterised by low amounts of sunshine, ranging from only 20.7 hours of sunshine per month in December to 58.8 hours in February.<ref name=sun/> At the [[December solstice|winter solstice]], daylight lasts for less than 6 hours and 5 minutes.<ref name=TAD2>{{cite web |url = http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/astronomy.html?n=242&month=6&year=2012&obj=sun&afl=-11&day=1 | title = Sunrise and Sunset in Tallinn | publisher = Time and Date | access-date = 11 March 2013}}</ref>

Spring starts out cool, with freezing temperatures common in March and April, but gradually becomes warmer and sunnier in May, when daytime temperatures average {{convert|15.4|C|F}}, although nighttime temperatures still remain cool, averaging {{convert|-3.7|to|5.2|C|F}} from March to May.<ref name=temp/> In early spring, freezing temperatures are common in March and snowfall can occur in April.<ref name=ncei/>

Summers are warm with daytime temperatures hovering around {{convert|19.2|to|22.2|C|F}} and nighttime temperatures averaging between {{convert|9.8|to|13.1|C|F}} from June to August.<ref name=temp/> The warmest month is usually July, with an average of {{convert|17.6|C|F}}.<ref name=temp/> During summer, partly cloudy or clear days are common<ref name=ncei/> and it is the sunniest season, ranging from 255.6 hours of sunshine in August to 312.1 hours in July although precipitation is higher during these months.<ref name=precip/><ref name= sun/> At the [[June solstice|summer solstice]], daylight lasts for more than 18 hours and 40 minutes.<ref name=TAD2/>

Autumn starts out mild, with a September average daily mean of {{convert|12.0|C|F}} and increasingly becomes cooler and cloudier in November.<ref name=ncei/> In the early parts of autumn, temperatures commonly reach {{convert|16.1|C|F}} and at least one day above {{convert|21|C|F}} in September. In late autumn, snowfall can occur in October and freezing temperatures become more common in November.

Tallinn receives {{convert|700|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year although March, April and May are the driest months, averaging about {{convert|35|to|37|mm|abbr=on}}, while July and August are the wettest months with {{convert|82|to|85|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation.<ref name=precip/> The average humidity is 81%, ranging from a high of 89% to a low of 69% in May.<ref name=humidity/> Tallinn has an average windspeed of {{convert|3.3|m/s|abbr=on}} with winters being the windiest (around {{convert|3.7|m/s|abbr=on}} in January) and summers being the least windy at around {{convert|2.7|m/s|abbr=on}} in August.<ref name=ncei/> Extremes range from {{convert|-32.2|C|F}} on 31 December 1978 to {{convert|34.3|C|F}} on 30 July 1994.<ref name=extremes/>

Tallinn has one of the most unpredictable weather conditions among European capital cities,</ref> According to a 2021 study commissioned by price comparison site Uswitch.com, Tallinn was the most unpredictable European capital in terms of weather conditions, with a total score of 69/100. Riga and Helsinki took second and third places.</ref> mostly due to its location between a more maritime and a more continental climate and the variation in the duration of sunshine as a consequence of its high latitude.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://estonianworld.com/life/british-study-claims-tallinn-has-the-most-unpredictable-weather-among-european-capitals/| title = British study claims Tallinn has the most unpredictable weather among European capitals – Estonian World| date = 19 August 2021}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Tallinn, Estonia (normals 1991–2020 and extremes 1805–present)
| metric first = yes
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 9.2
|Feb record high C = 10.2
|Mar record high C = 17.1
|Apr record high C = 27.2
|May record high C = 31.4
|Jun record high C = 32.6
|Jul record high C = 34.3
|Aug record high C = 34.2
|Sep record high C = 28.0
|Oct record high C = 21.8
|Nov record high C = 14.1
|Dec record high C = 11.6
|year record high C = 34.3
|Jan high C = -0.7
|Feb high C = -1.0
|Mar high C = 2.8
|Apr high C = 9.5
|May high C = 15.4
|Jun high C = 19.2
|Jul high C = 22.2
|Aug high C = 21.0
|Sep high C = 16.1
|Oct high C = 9.5
|Nov high C = 4.1
|Dec high C = 1.2
|year high C = 9.9
|Jan mean C = -2.9
|Feb mean C = -3.6
|Mar mean C = -0.6
|Apr mean C = 4.8
|May mean C = 10.2
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 17.6
|Aug mean C = 16.5
|Sep mean C = 12.0
|Oct mean C = 6.5
|Nov mean C = 2.0
|Dec mean C = -0.9
|year mean C = 6.4
|Jan low C = -5.5
|Feb low C = -6.2
|Mar low C = -3.7
|Apr low C = 0.7
|May low C = 5.2
|Jun low C = 9.8
|Jul low C = 13.1
|Aug low C = 12.3
|Sep low C = 8.4
|Oct low C = 3.7
|Nov low C = -0.2
|Dec low C = -3.1
|year low C = 2.9
|Jan record low C = -31.4
|Feb record low C = -28.7
|Mar record low C = -24.5
|Apr record low C = -12.0
|May record low C = -5.0
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 4.0
|Aug record low C = 2.4
|Sep record low C = -4.1
|Oct record low C = -10.5
|Nov record low C = -18.8
|Dec record low C = -32.2
|year record low C = -32.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 56
|Feb precipitation mm = 40
|Mar precipitation mm = 37
|Apr precipitation mm = 35
|May precipitation mm = 37
|Jun precipitation mm = 68
|Jul precipitation mm = 82
|Aug precipitation mm = 85
|Sep precipitation mm = 58
|Oct precipitation mm = 78
|Nov precipitation mm = 66
|Dec precipitation mm = 59
|year precipitation mm = 700
|Jan humidity = 89
|Feb humidity = 86
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 69
|Jun humidity = 74
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 79
|Sep humidity = 82
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 89
|Dec humidity = 89
|year humidity = 81
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.7
|Feb precipitation days = 10.6
|Mar precipitation days = 9.0
|Apr precipitation days = 7.5
|May precipitation days = 7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 9.5
|Jul precipitation days = 9.1
|Aug precipitation days = 10.3
|Sep precipitation days = 10.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.9
|Nov precipitation days = 12.3
|Dec precipitation days = 13.1
|year precipitation days = 124.4
|Jan sun = 29.7
|Feb sun = 58.8
|Mar sun = 148.4
|Apr sun = 217.3
|May sun = 306.0
|Jun sun = 294.3
|Jul sun = 312.1
|Aug sun = 255.6
|Sep sun = 162.3
|Oct sun = 88.3
|Nov sun = 29.1
|Dec sun = 20.7
|year sun = 1922.7
| Jan uv  =0
| Feb uv  =1
| Mar uv  =1
| Apr uv  =3
| May uv  =4
| Jun uv  =5
| Jul uv  =5
| Aug uv  =4
| Sep uv  =3
| Oct uv  =1
| Nov uv  =0
| Dec uv  =0
|source 1 = [[Estonian Weather Service]]<ref name=temp>{{cite web| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en| title = Climate normals-Temperature| publisher = Estonian Weather Service| access-date = 30 January 2021| archive-date = 9 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170609015247/http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=precip>{{cite web|url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/sademed/?lang=en|title = Climate normals-Precipitation|publisher = Estonian Weather Service|access-date = 30 January 2021|archive-date = 10 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173021/http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/sademed/?lang=en|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=humidity>{{cite web|url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohuniiskus/?lang=en|title = Climate normals-Humidity|publisher = Estonian Weather Service|access-date = 30 January 2021|archive-date = 10 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180904/http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/ohuniiskus/?lang=en|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=sun>{{cite web| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/paikesepaiste-kestus/?lang=en| title = Climate normals-Sunshine| publisher = Estonian Weather Service| access-date = 30 January 2021| archive-date = 11 February 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200211222409/http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/kliimanormid/paikesepaiste-kestus/?lang=en| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web| url = http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/| title = Rekordid| language = Estonian| publisher = Estonian Weather Service| access-date = 19 March 2021| archive-date = 17 April 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240417081006/https://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/| url-status = live}}</ref>  
|source 2 = [[NOAA]]/[[NCEI]] (average precipitation days 1991–2020)<ref name=ncei/> Weather Atlas (average ultraviolet index),<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/estonia/tallinn-climate
|title = Tallinn, Estonia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast
|publisher = Weather Atlas
|access-date = 31 July 2022
|archive-date = 5 June 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220605162438/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/estonia/tallinn-climate
|url-status = live
}}</ref>}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Wind speed for Tallinn
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average wind speed m/s (ft/s)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000;"|3.7<br/>(12.1)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.5<br/>(11.5)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.4<br/>(11.2)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.3<br/>(10.8)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.1<br/>(10.2)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.0<br/>(9.8)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|2.8<br/>(9.2)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|2.7<br/>(8.9)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.0<br/>(9.8)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.3<br/>(10.8)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.6<br/>(11.8)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000"|3.8<br/>(12.5)
| style="background:#f8f9fa; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;"|3.3<br/>(10.8)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source 1: [[NOAA]]/[[NCEI]]<ref name=ncei/>
|}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Coastal temperature data for Tallinn
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-20.0}};"|1.0<br/>(33.8)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-23.1}}"|0.1<br/>(32.2)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-23.1}}"|0.1<br/>(32.2)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-17.7}}"|1.7<br/>(35.1)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-0.2}}"|6.9<br/>(44.4)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|15.5}}"|13.4<br/>(56.1)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|24.4}}"|18.8<br/>(65.9)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|24.7}}"|19.0<br/>(66.2)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|19.5}}"|15.8<br/>(60.4)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|11.3}}"|10.8<br/>(51.4)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|0.0}}"|7.0<br/>(44.6)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|-9.5}}"|4.1<br/>(39.4)
| style="{{Weather box/colt|4.0}}; border-left-width:medium;"|8.2<br/>(46.8)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source 1: Seatemperature.org<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live.seatemperature.org/europe/estonia/tallinn.htm|title =Tallinn Sea Temperature|date=2023-04-25 }}</ref>
|}