Editing Taiwanese Hokkien (section)

=== Development and divergence ===
In 1624 and 1626, the Dutch and Spanish forces occupied the [[Tainan]] and [[Keelung]] areas, respectively. During the 40 years of [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch colonial rule of Taiwan]], the Dutch recruited many Chinese from the regions around Quanzhou and [[Zhangzhou]] in southern Fujian to help develop Taiwan.

In the 1661 [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]], Chinese general [[Koxinga]], marshaling a military force composed of fellow hometown [[hoklo]] soldiers of Southern Fujian, expelled the Dutch and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]]. Koxinga originated from the Quanzhou region. [[Chen Yonghua]], who was in charge of establishing the education system of Tungning, also originated from [[Tong'an]] county of Quanzhou Prefecture. Because most of the soldiers he brought to Taiwan came from Quanzhou, the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige variant]] of Hokkien on the island at the time was the [[Quanzhou dialect]].

In 1683, Chinese admiral [[Shi Lang]], marshaling a military force again composed of fellow hometown [[hoklo]] soldiers of Southern Fujian, attacked Taiwan in the [[Battle of Penghu]], ending the Tungning era and beginning [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing dynasty rule]] (until 1895).

In the first decades of the 18th century, the linguistic differences between the Qing imperial bureaucrats and the commoners were recorded by the Mandarin-speaking first Imperial [[High commissioner|High Commissioner]] to Taiwan (1722), [[Huang Shujing]]:
{{cquote|In this place, the language is as [[birdcall]] &ndash; totally unintelligible! For example: for the surname [[Liu|Liú]], they say 'Lâu'; for [[Chen (surname)|Chén]], 'Tân'; [[Zhuang (surname)|Zhuāng]], 'Chng'; and [[Zhang (surname)|Zhāng]] is 'Tioⁿ'. My deputy's surname [[Wu (surname)|Wú]] becomes 'Ngô͘'. My surname [[Huang (surname)|Huáng]] does not even have a proper vowel: it is 'N̂g' here! It is difficult to make sense of this.<br />
({{lang|zh-Hant|郡中鴃舌鳥語，全不可曉。如：劉呼「澇」、陳呼「澹」、莊呼「曾」、張呼「丟」。余與吳待御兩姓，吳呼作「襖」，黃則無音，厄影切，更為難省。}})|||''Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait'', Volume II: "On the area around [[Fort Provintia]], [[Tainan]]" (臺海使槎錄 卷二 赤嵌筆談)}}
The tone of Huang's message [[Foretelling|foretold]] the uneasy relationships between different [[Speech community|language communities]] and colonial establishments over the next few centuries.

During the 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, thousands of immigrants from [[Fujian]] arrived yearly; the population was over one million in the middle of the 18th century.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=561}} Civil unrest and armed conflicts were frequent. In addition to resistance against governments (both Chinese and later Japanese), [[Ethnic conflict|battles between ethnic groups]] were also significant: the belligerents usually grouped around the language they used. History has recorded battles between [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] speakers and Hokkien speakers, between these and the [[Taiwanese aborigine|aborigines]], and even between those who spoke different variants of Hokkien.

In the early 20th century, the [[Hoklo people]] in Taiwan could be categorized as originating from modern-day [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]], [[Zhangzhou]], and [[Zhangpu County|Zhangpu]].{{clarify|reason=Zhangpu is part of Zhangzhou|date=August 2020}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=591}} People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast,<ref>"especially in the cities of Koro (Aulang), Taiko (Taika), Giubato (Gumatau), Gosei (Goche), Tokatsukutsu (Thawkakut), and Rokko (Lokiang)." (modern-day [[Houlong, Miaoli|Houlong]], [[Dajia District|Dajia]], [[Qingshui District|Qingshui]], [[Wuqi District|Wuqi]], [[Longjing District|Longjing]], and Lukang, respectively.) {{harvp|Davidson|1903|p=591}}</ref> whereas people from the latter two areas ([[Zhangzhou dialect|Zhangzhou]]-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.

Although there were conflicts between Quanzhou- and Zhangzhou speakers in Taiwan historically, their gradual [[intermingling]] led to the mixture of the two [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accents]]. Apart from [[Lukang, Changhua|Lukang city]] and [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan County]], which have preserved their original Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents, respectively, almost every region of Taiwan now speaks a mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien.{{sfnp|Ang|1987}} A similar phenomenon occurred in [[Xiamen]] (Amoy) after 1842, when the mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien displaced the Quanzhou dialect to yield the modern [[Amoy dialect]].<ref>泉州旅游信息网，[http://fjqz.fj.vnet.cn/travel/talk/right.htm 泉州方言文化] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301121345/http://fjqz.fj.vnet.cn/travel/talk/right.htm |date=1 March 2007 }}</ref>

During the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule of Taiwan]], Taiwan began to hold Amoy Hokkien as its standard pronunciation; the Japanese called this mixture {{nihongo|Taiwanese|臺灣語|Taiwango}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iûⁿ |first1=Ún-giân |last2=Tiuⁿ |first2=Ha̍k-khiam |last3=Lu |first3=Bichhin |script-title=zh:台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編 |language=zh |date=2008-03-01 |publisher=國史館 |location=Taipei |isbn=9789860132946 |oclc=813921186}}</ref>

Due to the influx of Japanese loanwords before 1945 and the political separation after 1949,{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Amoy Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien began to [[Linguistic divergence|diverge]] slightly.