Editing Taiwan (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Taiwan}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Taiwanese history}}
[[File:卑南遺址人獸形玉玦.jpg|thumb|upright|2,300-year-old jade, unearthed at [[Beinan Cultural Park]]]]

=== Pre-colonial period ===
{{Main|Prehistory of Taiwan|Taiwanese indigenous peoples}}
Taiwan was joined to the Asian mainland in the [[Late Pleistocene]], until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago.<ref name="GillespieGillespie20092">{{cite book |author1=Rosemary Gillespie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ZogGs_fz8C&pg=PA904 |title=Encyclopedia of Islands |author2=Rosemary G. Gillespie |author3=D. A. Clague |publisher=University of California Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-520-25649-1 |page=904 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210634/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ZogGs_fz8C&pg=PA904#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Human remains and [[Paleolithic]] artifacts dated 20,000 to 30,000 years ago have been found.<ref name="PrasetyoNastiti20212">{{cite book |author1=Bagyo Prasetyo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFwXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=AUSTRONESIAN DIASPORA: A New Perspective |author2=Titi Surti Nastiti |author3=Truman Simanjuntak |publisher=UGM PRESS |year=2021 |isbn=978-602-386-202-3 |page=125 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210637/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zFwXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="palaeolithic2">{{cite journal |last1=Olsen |first1=John W. |last2=Miller-Antonio |first2=Sari |year=1992 |title=The Palaeolithic in Southern China |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7061024b-c6b1-4c79-bdd9-b794d3bebee7/content |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=152 |hdl=10125/17011 |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416144735/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7061024b-c6b1-4c79-bdd9-b794d3bebee7/content |url-status=live }}</ref> Study of the human remains suggested they were [[Australo-Papuan]] people similar to [[Negrito|Negrito populations]] in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Bellwood |given=Peter |author-link=Peter Bellwood |url=https://www.academia.edu/33776794 |title=First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-119-25154-5 |pages=232–240 |language=en |contribution=Neolithic Cultures in Southeast China, Taiwan, and Luzon |quote=In Taiwan, the only known Paleolithic burial recovered so far comes from the Xiaoma cave complex in the southeast of the island, this being an adult male buried in a crouched posture about 4000 bce. My research with Matsumura suggests that this individual was of Australo‐Papuan affinity, most closely related with Negrito populations in the Philippines. |contributor-surname=Hung |contributor-given=Hsiao-chun |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031414/https://www.academia.edu/33776794 |url-status=live }} pp. 234–235.</ref> Paleolithic Taiwanese likely settled the [[Ryukyu Islands]] 30,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |surname1=Kaifu |given1=Yousuke |title=Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia |surname2=Fujita |given2=Masaki |surname3=Yoneda |given3=Minoru |surname4=Yamasaki |given4=Shinji |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62349-276-2 |editor1-surname=Kaifu |editor1-given=Yousuke |pages=345–361 |chapter=Pleistocene Seafaring and Colonization of the Ryukyu Islands, Southwestern Japan |editor2-surname=Izuho |editor2-given=Masami |editor3-surname=Goebel |editor3-given=Ted |editor4-surname=Sato |editor4-given=Hiroyuki |editor5-surname=Ono |editor5-given=Akira}}</ref> [[Slash-and-burn]] agriculture practices started at least 11,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Li |given=Paul Jen-kuei |publisher={{lang|zh-tw|前衛出版社}} [Avanguard Publishing House] |year=2011 |isbn=978-957-801-660-6 |edition=Revised |pages=46, 48 |script-title=zh:台灣南島民族的族群與遷徙 |trans-title=The Ethnic Groups and Dispersal of the Austronesian in Taiwan |author-link=Li Jen-kuei |script-quote=zh:根據張光直(1969)...9,000BC起...大量種植稻米的遺跡 |trans-quote=[[Kwang-chih Chang|Chang, Kwang-chih]] (1969): ...traces of slash-and-burn agriculture since 9,000 BC... remains of rice cultivation}}</ref>

Stone tools of the [[Changbin culture]] have been found in [[Taitung County|Taitung]] and [[Eluanbi]]. Archaeological remains suggest they were initially hunter-gatherers that slowly shifted to intensive fishing.{{sfn|Jiao|2007|pp=89–90}}<ref>{{cite book |surname=Liu |given=Yichang |url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170 |title=Encyclopedia of Taiwan |year=2009 |chapter=Changbin Culture |chapter-url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503154631/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170 |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The distinct [[Wangxing culture]], found in [[Miaoli County]], were initially gatherers who shifted to hunting.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Liu |given=Yichang |title=Encyclopedia of Taiwan |year=2009 |chapter=Wangxing Culture |access-date=6 May 2012 |chapter-url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1171 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418214339/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1171 |archive-date=18 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Around 6,000 years ago, Taiwan was settled by farmers of the [[Dapenkeng culture]], most likely from what is now southeast China.{{sfnp|Jiao|2007|pp=91–94}} These cultures are the ancestors of modern [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese Indigenous peoples]] and the [[Linguistic homeland|originators]] of the [[Austronesian language family]].<ref name="ref122">{{cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Jared M |author-link=Jared Diamond |year=2000 |title=Taiwan's gift to the world |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=403 |issue=6771 |pages=709–710 |bibcode=2000Natur.403..709D |doi=10.1038/35001685 |pmid=10693781 |s2cid=4379227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916193454/http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2006 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Fox |first=James J |author-link=James J. Fox |year=2004 |title=Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/2/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf |conference=Symposium Austronesia |publisher=[[The Australian National University]] |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830112406/https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/2/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Trade with the [[Philippines]] persisted from the early 2nd millennium BCE, including the use of Taiwanese [[jade]] in the Philippine jade culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1885/32545 |title=Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines,the Museum Nasional Indonesia,and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde |last2=Hung |first2=Hsiao-chun |last3=Iizuka |first3=Yoshiyuki |date=2011 |publisher=ArtPostAsia |isbn=978-971-94292-0-3 |editor-last=Benitez-Johannot |editor-first=Purissima |location=[[Australian National University]] |pages=35–37, 41 |language=en |chapter=Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction |hdl=1885/32545 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210649/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/1bb5f1bb-0276-4b26-a1a0-c4b6bd9d7bb6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Iizuka, Yoshiyuki, H. C. Hung, and Peter Bellwood. "A Noninvasive Mineralogical Study of Nephrite Artifacts from the Philippines and Surroundings: The Distribution of Taiwan Nephrite and the Implications for the Island Southeast Asian Archaeology." Scientific Research on the Sculptural Arts of Asia (2007): 12–19.</ref>

The Dapenkeng culture was succeeded by a variety of cultures throughout the island, including the [[Tahu culture|Tahu]] and [[Yingpu culture|Yingpu]]; the Yuanshan were characterized by rice harvesting. Iron appeared in such cultures as the [[Niaosung culture]], influenced by trade with China and [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].{{sfnp|Jiao|2007|pp=94–103}}{{sfn|Li|2019|pp=26&ndash;27}} The [[Plains Indigenous peoples]] mainly lived in permanent walled villages, with a lifestyle based on [[agriculture]], [[fishing]], and [[hunting]].<ref name="InstEthno">{{cite web |date=2012 |script-title=zh:認識平埔族 |url=http://www.ianthro.tw/p/39 |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica |language=zh |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609092146/http://ianthro.tw/p/39 |url-status=live }}</ref> They had traditionally [[Matriarchal society|matriarchal societies]].<ref name="InstEthno"/>

=== Early colonial period (to 1683) ===
{{Main|Early Chinese contact with Taiwan|Dutch Formosa|Spanish Formosa|Kingdom of Middag|Kingdom of Tungning|}}
The [[Penghu|Penghu Islands]] were inhabited by [[Han Chinese]] fishermen by 1171, and in 1225 Penghu was attached to [[Jinjiang, Fujian|Jinjiang]].{{sfn|Liu|2012|pp=170–171}}{{sfnp|Hsu|1980|p=6}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=86}}<ref name="官網歷史沿革" /> The [[Yuan dynasty]] officially incorporated Penghu under the jurisdiction of [[Tong'an]] County in 1281.<ref name="官網歷史沿革">{{cite web |url = https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174 |title=歷史沿革 |date= 13 July 2017|website=澎湖縣政府全球資訊網 |publisher=[[Penghu County Government]]|archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210301101127/https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174 |url-status=live }}</ref> Penghu was evacuated in the 15th century by the [[Ming dynasty]] as part of their [[Haijin|maritime ban]], which lasted until the late 16th century.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=88}} In 1349, [[Wang Dayuan]] provided the first written account of a visit to Taiwan.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=86}}<ref name="shep">{{cite book |last=Shepherd |given=John R. |title=Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1993 |pages=7–8 |isbn=978-0-8047-2066-3}} Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.</ref> By the 1590s, a small number of Chinese from [[Fujian]] had started cultivating land in southwestern Taiwan.{{sfn|Hsu|1980|p=10}} Some 1,500-2,000 Chinese lived or stayed temporarily on the southern coast of Taiwan, mostly for seasonal fishing but also subsistence farming and trading, by the early 17th century.{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6 Note 5}}<ref name="shep" /> In 1603, [[Chen Di]] visited Taiwan on an anti-[[wokou]] expedition and recorded an account of the Taiwanese Indigenous people.<ref name="chendi"/>

In 1591, Japan sent envoys to deliver a letter requesting tribute relations with Taiwan. They found no leader to deliver the letter to and returned home. In 1609, a Japanese expedition was sent to survey Taiwan. After being attacked by the Indigenous people, they took some prisoners and returned home. In 1616, a Japanese fleet of 13 ships were sent to Taiwan. Due to a storm, only one ship made it there and is presumed to have returned to Japan.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSPcAAAAQBAJ&dq=Harada+Magoshichiro+taiwan&pg=PA6 | title=Statecraft and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-Japan Relations | isbn=9781317986256 | last1=Clulow | first1=Adam | date=13 September 2013 | publisher=Routledge | access-date=6 December 2023 | archive-date=30 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430222321/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSPcAAAAQBAJ&dq=Harada+Magoshichiro+taiwan&pg=PA6 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Li|2019|p=50}}

[[File:Tainan_Taiwan_Fort-Zeelandia-01.jpg|alt=Photograph of a European style fortification with stone walls and a white pointed tower.|thumb|[[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]], built in 1634, was the [[Governor of Formosa|governor]]'s residence in [[Dutch Formosa]].]]
In 1624, the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) established [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] on the coastal islet of Tayouan (in modern [[Tainan]]).{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=89}}<ref name="Oosterhoff" /> The lowland areas were occupied by 11 Indigenous [[chiefdom]]s, some of which fell under Dutch control, including the [[Kingdom of Middag]].<ref name="Oosterhoff" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island |year=1903 |first=William |last=Campbell |author-link=William Campbell (missionary)|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner |url=https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog |pages=[https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n185 6]–7 |isbn=978-957-638-083-9 }}</ref> When the Dutch arrived, southwestern Taiwan was already frequented by a mostly transient Chinese population numbering close to 1,500.{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6 Note 5}} The VOC encouraged Chinese farmers to immigrate and work the lands under Dutch control and by the 1660s, some 30,000 to 50,000 Chinese were living on the island.{{sfn|Andrade|2008|loc=Chapter 6}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=98}} Most of the farmers cultivated rice for local consumption and sugar for export while some immigrants engaged in deer hunting for export.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koo|first=Hui-wen|year=2015|title=Weather, Harvests, and Taxes: A Chinese Revolt in Colonial Taiwan|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=46|issue=1|pages=39–59|doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00795|jstor=43829712 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Andrade|first=Tonio|year=2006|title=The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624–1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion|journal=Journal of World History|volume=17|issue=4|pages=429–450|doi=10.1353/jwh.2006.0052|jstor=20079399 |s2cid=162203720 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Koo|first=Hui-wen|year=2011|title=Deer Hunting and Preserving the Commons in Dutch Colonial Taiwan|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=43|issue=2|pages=185–203|doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00211|jstor=41291189 |s2cid=145423135 }}</ref>

In 1626, the [[Spanish Empire]] occupied northern Taiwan as a trading base, first at [[Keelung]] and in 1628 building [[Fort Santo Domingo]] at [[Tamsui]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Fort San Domingo |url=https://en.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0G292396897604829770 |website=[[Tamsui Historical Museum]] |quote=Fort San Domingo, located at the hilltop overlooking Tamsui River estuary, was established by the Spanish in 1628. |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610072441/https://en.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0G292396897604829770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mawson |first=Stephanie J. |date=2016-08-01 |title=Convicts or Conquistadores ? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |journal=Past & Present |issue=232 |pages=87–125 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw008 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref> This colony lasted until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=91}} The Dutch then marched south, subduing hundreds of villages in the western plains.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=91}}

[[File:Tainan_Taiwan_Confucius-Temple-06.jpg|alt=Photo of an elaborate Chinese temple with hedges in front.|thumb|[[Tainan Confucian Temple]] built in 1665 during the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] period]]
Following the fall of the Ming dynasty in Beijing in 1644, [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) pledged allegiance to the [[Yongli Emperor]] and attacked the Qing dynasty along the southeastern coast of China.<ref name="LuWangNMHTW">{{cite web |url=https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read? |script-title=zh:臺南與鄭成功 |trans-title=Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) |author=Yan Xing |website=Tainan Literature and History Research Database |publisher=National Museum of Taiwan History |access-date=12 February 2021 |script-quote=zh:這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔{{nbsp}}... 于永曆十一年（清順治十四年公元一六五七年）受永水明王封為延平王 |trans-quote=Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming{{nbsp}}... in 1657 was conferred the title King of Yanping by the Yong Ming emperor |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210748/https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read? |url-status=live }}.</ref> In 1661, under increasing Qing pressure, he moved his forces from his base in [[Xiamen]] to Taiwan, [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia|expelling the Dutch]] the following year. The Dutch retook the northern fortress at Keelung in 1664, but left the island in 1668 in the face of indigenous resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wills |first1=John E. |title=The Dutch Reoccupation of Chi-lung, 1664–1668 |year=2001 |publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0-936127-09-5}}</ref><ref>[{{GBurl|id=g3oWoSKVnVIC|dq=pescadores+dutch+defeat|p=95}} Shepherd 1993], p. 95.</ref>

The Zheng regime, known as the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], proclaimed its loyalty to the overthrown Ming, but ruled independently.<ref name="TWG2020">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 2020 |title=2020–2021 Taiwan at a Glance |url=https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20(English).pdf |publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |page=14 |isbn=978-986-5447-15-1 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230409125337/https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date= 9 April 2023 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Andrade|2008|loc=Preface Note 1|ps=: "Second, this book is also about how Taiwan first came under Chinese political control, thanks to the Ming loyalist regime of Zheng Chenggong."}}{{sfnp|Wills|2006|pp=94–95}}<ref>{{cite book |surname=Struve |given=Lynn |year=1988 |chapter=The Southern Ming |title=Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA722 |editor1-given=Frederic W. |editor1-surname=Mote |editor2-given=Denis |editor2-surname=Twitchett |pages=641–725 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210638/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA722#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} pp. 722–725.</ref> However, [[Zheng Jing]]'s return to China to participate in the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]] paved the way for the Qing invasion and occupation of Taiwan in 1683.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Hang|first=Xing|year=2010|title=Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia|type=PhD|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133829bz|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223013320/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133829bz|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hang|first=Xing|year=2016|title=Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies|journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies|volume=23|pages=173–182|jstor=44289147}}</ref>

===Qing rule (1683–1895)===
{{Main|Taiwan under Qing rule}}
[[File:Tainan Taiwan Fort-Provintia-01.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Provintia|Chihkan Tower]], originally built as Fort Provintia by the Dutch, was rebuilt under Qing rule.]]

Following the defeat of [[Koxinga]]'s grandson by an armada led by Admiral [[Shi Lang]] in 1683, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan in May 1684, making it a [[Taiwan prefecture|prefecture]] of Fujian province while retaining its administrative seat (now Tainan) under Koxinga as the capital.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=15}}{{sfn|Wong|2017|pp=189–190}}{{sfn|Twitchett|2002|p=146}}

The Qing government generally tried to restrict migration to Taiwan throughout the duration of its administration because it believed that Taiwan could not sustain too large a population without leading to conflict. After the defeat of the Kingdom of Tungning, most of its population in Taiwan was sent back to the mainland, leaving the official population count at only 50,000, including 10,000 troops. Despite official restrictions, officials in Taiwan solicited settlers from the mainland, causing tens of thousands of annual arrivals by 1711. A permit system was officially recorded in 1712, but it likely existed as early as 1684; its restrictions included only allowing those to enter who had property on the mainland, family in Taiwan, and who were not accompanied by wives or children. Many of the male migrants married local Indigenous women. Over the 18th century, restrictions were relaxed. In 1732, families were allowed to move to Taiwan.{{sfn|Wong|2017|pp=193&ndash;194}}{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=51}} By 1811, there were more than two million Han settlers in Taiwan, and profitable sugar and rice production industries provided exports to the mainland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stafford |first1=Charles |last2=Shepherd |first2=John Robert |date=September 1994 |title=Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier 1600–1800. |journal=Man |volume=29 |issue=3 |page=750 |doi=10.2307/2804394 |jstor=2804394 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=561}}{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=16}} In 1875, restrictions on entering Taiwan were repealed.{{sfn|Wong|2017|p=194}}
[[File:Taiwanese aboriginese deerhunt1.png|thumb|[[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]] hunting deer, 1746]]
Three counties nominally covered the entire western plains, but actual control was restricted to a smaller area. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the [[Dajia River]]. Qing administration expanded across the western plains area over the 18th century due to continued illegal crossings and settlement.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=47–49}} The Taiwanese Indigenous peoples were categorized by the Qing administration into acculturated aborigines who had adopted Han culture and non-acculturated aborigines who had not. The Qing did little to administer or subjugate them. When Taiwan was annexed, there were 46 aboriginal villages under its control, likely inherited from the Kingdom of Tungning. During the early [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] period there were 93 acculturated villages and 61 non-acculturated villages that paid taxes. In response to the [[Zhu Yigui]] settler rebellion in 1722, separation of aboriginals and settlers became official policy via 54 stelae used to mark the frontier boundary. The markings were changed four times over the latter half of the 18th century due to continued settler encroachment. Two aboriginal affairs sub-prefects, one for the north and one for the south, were appointed in 1766.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=50–55}}

During the 200 years of Qing rule in Taiwan, the [[Plains Indigenous peoples]] rarely rebelled against the government and the mountain Indigenous peoples were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule. Most of the more than 100 rebellions during the Qing period, such as the [[Lin Shuangwen rebellion]], were caused by Han settlers.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=106}}<ref name="van der Wees 2020" >{{cite web |last1=van der Wees |first1=Gerrit |title=Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201153401/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their frequency was evoked by the common saying "every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion" (三年一反、五年一亂), primarily in reference to the period between 1820 and 1850.<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Indigenous Dynamic in Taiwan's Postwar Development: The Religious and Historical Roots of Entrepreneurship | last = Skoggard | first = Ian A. | isbn =978-1-56324-846-7 | ol=979742M | year = 1996 | publisher = M.E. Sharpe}} p. 10</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:三年小反五年大亂 |url=https://www.taiwanus.net/history/3/12.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413234816/https://www.taiwanus.net/history/3/12.htm |archive-date=13 April 2022 |website=台灣海外網 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="RebellionTWCulture">{{cite web |url=http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553 |trans-title=Civil Strife |script-title=zh:民變 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Encyclopedia of Taiwan (台灣大百科) |publisher=Taiwan Ministry of Culture |access-date=28 February 2021 |trans-quote=The rumor of "every three years a small uprising, five years a large rebellion" circulated around Taiwan. According to research, the repeated commotions described by this idiom occurred primarily during the 30-year period between 1820 and 1850. |script-quote=zh:臺灣有「三年一小反，五年一大反」之謠。但是根據研究，這句俗諺所形容民變迭起的現象，以道光朝（1820-1850）的三十多年間為主 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194052/http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553 }}.</ref>

Many officials stationed in Taiwan called for an active colonization policy over the 19th century. In 1788, Taiwan Prefect Yang Tingli supported the efforts of a settler named Wu Sha to claim land held by the [[Kavalan people]]. In 1797, Wu Sha was able to recruit settlers with financial support from the local government but was unable to officially register the land. In the early 1800s, local officials convinced the emperor to officially incorporate the area by playing up the issue of piracy if the land was left alone.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=56–57}} In 1814, some settlers attempted to colonize central Taiwan by fabricating rights to lease aboriginal land. They were evicted by government troops two years later. Local officials continued to advocate for the colonization of the area but were ignored.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=58–61}}

[[File:TW 台灣 Taiwan TPE 台北市 Taipei City 中正區 Zhongzheng District 忠孝西路 Zhongxiao West Road 承恩門 臺北府城北門 morning August 2019 IX2 06.jpg|thumb|[[Taipei North Gate]], constructed in 1884, was part of the [[Walls of Taipei]].]]

The Qing took on a more active colonization policy after 1874 when Japan [[Mudan Incident|invaded Indigenous territory]] in southern Taiwan and the Qing government was forced to pay an indemnity for them to leave.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=61–62}} The administration of Taiwan was expanded with new prefectures, sub-prefectures, and counties. Mountain roads were constructed to make inner Taiwan more accessible. Restrictions on entering Taiwan were ended in 1875 and agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the mainland, but efforts to promote settlement ended soon after.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=63–64}} In 1884, [[Keelung]] in northern Taiwan was occupied during the [[Sino-French War]] but the French forces failed to advance any further inland while their victory at Penghu in 1885 resulted in disease and retreat soon afterward as the war ended. Colonization efforts were renewed under [[Liu Mingchuan]]. In 1887, Taiwan's status was upgraded to a [[Taiwan Province|province]]. [[Taipei]] became the permanent capital in 1893. Liu's efforts to increase revenues on Taiwan's produce were hampered by foreign pressure not to increase levies. A land reform was implemented, increasing revenue which still fell short of expectation.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=64–65}}{{sfn|Gordon|2007|pp=161–162}}{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|pp=187–190}} Modern technologies such as electric lighting, a railway, telegraph lines, steamship service, and industrial machinery were introduced under Liu's governance, but several of these projects had mixed results. A campaign to formally subjugate the Indigenous peoples ended with the loss of a third of the army after fierce resistance from the Mkgogan and Msbtunux peoples. Liu resigned in 1891 due to criticism of these costly projects.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=191}}{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=65}}{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=15}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|pp=247, 620}}

By the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of Indigenous peoples. Indigenous land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace due to the absence of state-sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule.{{sfn|Ye|2019|pp=1, 10, 174}}{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=177}}

===Japanese rule (1895–1945)===
{{Main|Taiwan under Japanese rule}}
Following the Qing defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] by the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].<ref name="ShimonosekiROC">{{cite web |url=http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf |title=Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=17 April 1895 |website=Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=National Palace Museum  |script-quote=zh:中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本{{nbsp}}... 台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿{{nbsp}}... 澎湖列岛 |trans-quote=China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof{{nbsp}}... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands{{nbsp}}... Penghu archipelago |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212021/http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf }}.</ref> Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects had to move to mainland China within a two-year grace period, which few saw as feasible.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ryōtarō|last1=Shiba|author-link=Ryōtarō Shiba|script-title=ja:台湾紀行: 街道をゆく〈40〉|language=ja |title=Taiwan kikō: kaidō o yuku yonjū |date=1995|publisher=Asahi Shinbunsha|isbn=978-4-02-256808-3}}</ref> Estimates say around 4,000 to 6,000 departed before the expiration of the grace period, and 200,000 to 300,000 followed during the subsequent disorder.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=95}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=561}}{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=208}} On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the [[Republic of Formosa]] to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895.<ref>{{cite book | title=Memories of the future: national identity issues and the search for a new Taiwan | editor-first=Stéphane | editor-last=Corcuff | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7656-0792-8 | chapter=The Taiwan Republic of 1895 and the failure of the Qing modernizing project | first=Andrew | last=Morris | pages=3–24 }}</ref> About 6,000 inhabitants died in the initial fighting and some 14,000 died in the first year of Japanese rule. Another 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed from 1898 to 1902.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=207}}{{sfn|Chang|2003|p=56}}<ref name = msu>{{cite web | title = History of Taiwan | work = Windows on Asia | publisher = Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122350/http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html| url = http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html |archive-date=1 September 2006| access-date = 3 December 2014 }}</ref> Subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the [[Beipu uprising]] of 1907, the [[Tapani incident]] of 1915, and the [[Wushe incident|Musha incident]] of 1930) were unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese rule.

[[File:Taiwan Seito Wanli Factory 1930s.jpg|thumb|A sugarcane mill and [[Taiwan Sugar Railways|its railways]] in Tainan in the 1930s]]

The colonial period was instrumental to the industrialization of the island, with its expansion of railways and other transport networks, the building of an extensive sanitation system, the establishment of a formal [[education in Taiwan|education system]], and an end to the practice of [[headhunting]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hsu|first=Mutsu|year=1991|title=Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan|publisher=Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica|isbn=978-957-9046-78-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Going to school in East Asia | editor1-first=Gerard A. | editor1-last=Postiglione | editor2-first=Jason | editor2-last=Tan | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-313-33633-1 | chapter=Schooling in Taiwan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419122101/http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm| chapter-url=http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm|archive-date=19 April 2010 | first1=Chuing Prudence | last1=Chou | first2=Ai-Hsin | last2=Ho | pages=344–377 }}</ref> The resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan. The production of [[cash crops]] such as sugar greatly increased, and large areas were therefore diverted from the production of rice.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=39}} By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh-greatest sugar producer in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2001 |date=2001 |chapter=History |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027032513/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm |archive-date=27 October 2003 |publisher=Government Information Office}}</ref>

The Han and Indigenous populations were classified as second- and third-class citizens, and many prestigious government and business positions were closed to them.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=48}} After suppressing Han guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame |first=Robert |last=Tierney |publisher=University of California Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-520-94766-5 |pages=8–9 }}</ref> Intellectuals and laborers who participated in left-wing movements were also arrested and massacred (e.g. [[Chiang Wei-shui]] and [[Masanosuke Watanabe]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=吕 |first=正惠 |date=18 November 2014 |title= |script-title=zh:吕正惠：战后台湾左翼思想状况漫谈一——日本剥削下的台湾社会 |url=http://www.guancha.cn/Lv-Zhenghui/2014_10_18_277323.shtml |website=观察者 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125337/http://www.guancha.cn/Lv-Zhenghui/2014_10_18_277323.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide [[Japanization|assimilation project]].<ref name="taiwanpedia">{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Chintang |date=2011 |title=Kominka Movement |url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3803 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130731160817/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3803 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |website=Encyclopedia of Taiwan}}</ref> Chinese-language newspapers and curriculums were abolished. Taiwanese music and theater were outlawed. A national [[State Shinto|Shinto]] religion was promoted in parallel with the suppression of traditional Taiwanese beliefs. Starting from 1940, families were also required to adopt [[Japanese surname]]s, although only 2% had done so by 1943.<ref name="taiwanpedia" /> By 1938, 309,000 Japanese were residing in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule|first=A. J.|last=Grajdanzev|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=15|year=1942|pages=311–324|jstor=2752241|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2752241}}</ref>

During the Second World War, the island was developed into a naval and air base while its agriculture, industry, and commerce suffered.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=110}}{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=47}} Air attacks and the subsequent invasion of the [[Philippines]] were launched from Taiwan. The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily from Taiwanese ports, and its think tank "[[Nanshin-ron#Theoretical development|South Strike Group]]" was based at [[Taihoku Imperial University]]. Military bases and industrial centers, such as [[Kaohsiung]] and [[Keelung]], became targets of heavy [[Raid on Taipei|Allied bombings]], which destroyed many of the factories, dams, and transport facilities built by the Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Shu LinKou Air Station: World War II: U.S. Bombing Raids on Linkou and Taiwan |url=http://shulinkou.tripod.com/dawg2e.html |website=Shulinkou Air Station Taiwan |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616223139/http://shulinkou.tripod.com/dawg2e.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=47}} In October 1944, the [[Formosa Air Battle]] was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces in Taiwan. Over 200,000 of [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|Taiwanese served in the Japanese military]], with over 30,000 casualties.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cheung|first=Han|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/16/2003700512|title=Taiwan in Time: Abandoned by the rising sun|work=Taipei Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210740/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/16/2003700512|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 2,000 women, euphemistically called "[[comfort women]]", were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hou |first=Elaine |date=14 August 2013 |title=Protesters demand justice from Japan on 'comfort women' (update) |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201308140029.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625184315/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201308140029 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[Focus Taiwan]]}}</ref>

After [[Japan's surrender]], most Japanese residents were [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|expelled]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Andrew D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ|title=Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy|date=30 July 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-7674-3|pages=115–118|language=en|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170053/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Republic of China (1945–present)===
{{Main|Republic of China (1912–1949)|History of Taiwan (1945–present)}}
{{See also|History of the Republic of China|Chinese Civil War}}
[[File:General Chen Yi of China accepts the surrender of Andō Rikichi, the Japanese Governor-General of.jpg|thumb|General [[Chen Yi (Kuomintang)|Chen Yi]] (right) accepting the receipt of [[General Order No. 1]] from [[Rikichi Andō]] (left), the last Japanese governor-general of Taiwan, in [[Zhongshan Hall|Taipei City Hall]]]]

While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was founded on [[mainland China]] on 1 January 1912 following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.<ref name="cuhk">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA116 |title=China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization |date=2007 |publisher=City University Of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-962-937-140-1 |page=116 |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410202400/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}</ref> Central authority waxed and waned in response to [[Warlord Era|warlordism]] (1915–28), [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion]] (1937–45), and the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the [[Nanjing decade]] (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT).<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |title=Taiwan: A Political History |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/55 55], 56 |url=https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4}}</ref> During [[World War II]], the 1943 [[1943 Cairo Declaration|Cairo Declaration]] specified that Formosa and the Pescadores be returned by Japan to the ROC;<ref name="Cairo1943">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Cairo Communiqué, December 1, 1943 |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46shoshi.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Birth of the Constitution of Japan |publisher=National Diet Library |quote=It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. |archive-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726215106/http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46shoshi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=162: "United States Government replied on this point as follows:{{nbsp}}... Cairo Declaration provided that Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China"}} the terms were later repeated in the 1945 [[Potsdam Declaration]]<ref name="Potsdam1945">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Potsdam Declaration |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/potsdam-declaration |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The Atomic Heritage Foundation |publisher=The Atomic Heritage Foundation and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History |quote=The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072847/https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/potsdam-declaration |url-status=live }}</ref> that Japan agreed to carry out in [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|its instrument of surrender]].<ref name="JapanSurrender">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Japanese Instrument of Surrender |url=https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/japanese-instrument-surrender-1945/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The National Archives Foundation |publisher=The National Archives |quote=We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their successors to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration in good faith |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130103518/https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/japanese-instrument-surrender-1945/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=58}} On [[Retrocession Day|25 October 1945]], Japan surrendered Taiwan to the ROC, and in the [[Treaty of San Francisco]], Japan formally renounced their claims to the islands, though without specifying to whom they were surrendered.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=4 May 1955 |title=Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores#S5CV0540P0_19550504_HOC_582 |url-status=live |journal=Hansard |volume=540 |issue=cc1870–4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112311/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores#S5CV0540P0_19550504_HOC_582 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=1 September 2010 |quote=The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Charney |first1=Jonathan I. |last2=Prescott |first2=J. R. V. |year=2000 |title=Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=453–477 |doi=10.2307/2555319 |jstor=2555319 |s2cid=144402230 |quote=After occupying Taiwan in 1945 as a result of Japan's surrender, the Nationalists were defeated on the mainland in 1949, abandoning it to retreat to Taiwan.}}</ref><ref name="SanFrancisco1951">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Treaty of Peace with Japan |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=United Nations Treaties Collection |publisher=The United Nations |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929012644/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alagappa |first=Muthiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zx7nPeGWgwC&pg=PA265 |title=Taiwan's presidential politics |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7656-0834-5 |page=265 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816165959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zx7nPeGWgwC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Interpretations on whether sovereignty was transferred to the ROC varies. ROC took control of Taiwan under [[General Order No. 1]], on behalf of the [[Allies of World War II]]. Taiwan was simultaneously established as a [[Taiwan Province|ROC province]], though opinions differed among the Allies on the unilateral announcement of annexation of Taiwn by the ROC. Japan later renounced its claims to Taiwan and the Pescadores in the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] in 1952; see [[Retrocession Day]], [[Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan]], [[political status of Taiwan]] and [[1943 Cairo Declaration]].}} In the same year, Japan and the ROC signed [[Treaty of Taipei|a peace treaty]].<ref name="Taipei1952">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Treaty of Peace between the Repuiblic of China and Japan |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20138/v138.pdf |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=United Nations Treaties Collection |publisher=The United Nations |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209020538/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20138/v138.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

While initially enthusiastic about the return of Chinese administration and the [[Three Principles of the People]], Formosans grew increasingly dissatisfied about being excluded from higher positions, the postponement of local elections even after the enactment of a [[ROC Constitution|constitution]] on the mainland, the smuggling of valuables off the island, the expropriation of businesses into government-operated monopolies, and the [[hyperinflation]] of 1945–1949.{{sfnp|Makinen|Woodward|1989|ps=: "Yet, the Chinese Nationalist government attempted to isolate Taiwan from the mainland inflation by creating it as an independent currency area. And during the later stages of the civil war it was able to end the hyperinflation on Taiwan, something it was unable to do on the mainland despite two attempts."}}<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1948 |title=Formosa in transition |magazine=The World Today |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |volume=4 |issue=5 |page=213}}</ref>{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=59}}{{sfnp|United States|1949|pp=923–925}} The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the [[February 28 Incident]].<ref>{{cite news |title=China: Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=7 April 1947 |newspaper=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804090,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111074426/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804090,00.html|archive-date=11 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shackleton |first1=Allan J. |year=1998 |title=Formosa Calling: An Eyewitness Account of Conditions in Taiwan during the February 28th, 1947 Incident |url=http://homepage.usask.ca/~llr130/taiwanlibrary/formosacalling/formosa-calling.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010159/http://homepage.usask.ca/~llr130/taiwanlibrary/formosacalling/formosa-calling.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2011 |publisher=Taiwan Publishing Company |oclc=40888167 |access-date=18 December 2014 }}</ref> Mainstream estimates of the number killed range from 18,000 to 30,000.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=63}}{{sfnp|United States|1949|p=932}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan takes first steps to explain 1947 massacre |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/28/Taiwan-takes-first-steps-to-explain-1947-massacre/4123667717200/ |work=United Press International |date=28 February 1991 |language=en |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130133334/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/28/Taiwan-takes-first-steps-to-explain-1947-massacre/4123667717200/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chen was later replaced by [[Wei Tao-ming]], who made an effort to undo previous mismanagement by re-appointing a good proportion of islanders and re-privatizing businesses.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|pp=64–65}}

[[File:ROC_Retreat_to_Taiwan.svg|thumb|left|The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei]]

After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed. A series of Chinese Communist offensives in 1949 led to the capture of its capital [[Nanjing]] on 23 April and the subsequent defeat of the Nationalists on the mainland. The Communists [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|founded the People's Republic of China]] on 1 October.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kubek|first=Anthony |title=How the Far East was lost: American policy and the creation of Communist China|year=1963|publisher=Intercontex Publishers (England) Limited |isbn=978-0-85622-000-5}}</ref> On 7 December 1949, [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] [[Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan|evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan]] and made Taipei the [[temporary capital]] of the ROC.<ref name="wartime-capital">{{cite web|author-link=Huang Fu-san |last=Huang |first=Fu-san |year=2010 |url=http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27358&CtNode=2527&mp=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429070335/http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27358&CtNode=2527&mp=21 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |script-title=zh:臺灣簡史－麻雀變鳳凰的故事 |language=zh |trans-title=A Brief History of Taiwan: A Sparrow Transformed into a Phoenix |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China|access-date=13 September 2009|quote={{lang|zh-hant|1949年，國民政府退守臺灣後，以臺北為戰時首都}}}}</ref> Some 2 million people, mainly soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated to Taiwan, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. These people and their descendants became known in Taiwan as "[[waisheng ren]]" ({{lang|zh|外省人}}). The ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China's [[gold reserves|gold]] and foreign currency reserves.<ref name="bbctimeline-retreat">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm|title=Taiwan Timeline&nbsp;– Retreat to Taiwan|year=2000|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624190413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Dunbabin |first=J.P.D. |title=The Cold War |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2008 |page=187 |isbn=978-0-582-42398-5 |url={{GBurl|id=IVriqPvx7iwC|p=187}} |quote=In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek had transferred to Taiwan the government, gold reserve, and some of the army of his Republic of China.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ng|first=Franklin|title=The Taiwanese Americans|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1998|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzsB_wJQW0C&pg=PA10|isbn=978-0-313-29762-5|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170041/https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzsB_wJQW0C&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the gold was used to pay soldiers' salaries,<ref>{{cite web|last=Yang|first=Lavai|translator-last=Williams|translator-first=Scott|date=July 2011|url=https://www.taiwanpanorama.com.tw/Articles/Details?Guid=b4b88183-6665-4724-ba38-cb641433113d&langId=3&CatId=7|title=Taiwan's Love Affair with Gold|website=Taiwan Panorama|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162524/https://www.taiwanpanorama.com.tw/Articles/Details?Guid=b4b88183-6665-4724-ba38-cb641433113d&langId=3&CatId=7|url-status=live}}</ref> with some used to issue the [[New Taiwan dollar]], part of a price stabilization program to slow inflation in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=13804&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Money-Value-of-the-New-Taiwan-Currency|title=Money Value of the New Taiwan Currency|website=Taiwan Today|date=1 June 1954|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170015/https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=13804&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Money-Value-of-the-New-Taiwan-Currency|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Shih-hui|year=2005|title=The Currency Conversion in Postwar Taiwan: Gold Standard from 1949 to 1950|journal=The Kyoto Economic Review|volume=74|issue=2|pages=191–203|doi=10.11179/KER.74.191}}</ref>

After losing control of mainland China in 1949, the ROC retained control of Taiwan and Penghu ([[Taiwan Province|Taiwan, ROC]]), parts of Fujian ([[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian, ROC]])—specifically Kinmen, [[Wuqiu, Kinmen|Wuqiu]] (now part of Kinmen) and the Matsu Islands and two major [[South China Sea Islands|islands in the South China Sea]]. The ROC also briefly retained control of the entirety of [[Hainan]], parts of [[Zhejiang]] ([[Chekiang Province, Republic of China|Chekiang]])—specifically the [[Dachen Islands]] and [[Yijiangshan Islands]]—and portions of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], [[Qinghai]], [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China|Xinjiang]] and [[Yunnan]]. The Communists [[battle of Hainan Island|captured Hainan]] in 1950, captured the Dachen Islands and Yijiangshan Islands during the [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]] in 1955 and defeated the [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency|ROC revolts in Northwest China]] in 1958. ROC forces entered Burma and Thailand in the 1950s and [[1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border|were defeated by Communists in 1961]]. Since losing control of mainland China, the Kuomintang continued to claim sovereignty over 'all of China', which it defined to include mainland China (including Tibet), Taiwan (including Penghu), [[Outer Mongolia]], and [[administrative divisions of Taiwan|other minor territories]].

====Martial law era (1949–1987)====
{{See also|Martial law in Taiwan|Taiwan Miracle}}

[[File:Chiang Kai-shek in full uniform.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], leader of the [[Kuomintang]] from 1925 until his death in 1975|alt=A Chinese man in military uniform, smiling and looking towards the left. He holds a sword in his left hand and has a medal in shape of a sun on his chest.]]

[[Martial law]], declared on Taiwan in May 1949,<ref name="martial">{{cite web |publisher=National Archives Administration, National Development Council |url=https://www.archives.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=1014&p=857 |script-title=zh:三、 台灣戒嚴令 |language=zh |trans-title=III. Decree to establish martial law in Taiwan |date=2 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010204025/http://www.archives.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=1014&p=857 |url-status=live }}</ref> continued to be in effect until 1987,<ref name="martial" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwandc.org/228-intr.htm|title=28 February 1947&nbsp;– Taiwan's Holocaust Remembered&nbsp;– 60th Commemoration|year=2007|publisher=New Taiwan, Ilha Formosa|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031023758/http://www.taiwandc.org/228-intr.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and was used to suppress political opposition. During the [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]], as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20080716-77050.html|title=Taiwan president apologises for 'white terror' era|agency=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401191615/http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20080716-77050.html|archive-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> Many citizens were arrested, tortured, imprisoned or executed for their real or perceived link to the Chinese Communist Party. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was destroyed.

Following the eruption of the [[Korean War]], US President [[Harry S. Truman]] dispatched the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] into the [[Taiwan Strait]] to prevent hostilities between the ROC and the PRC.<ref name=1950-US-DoD>{{Cite web |author=US Department of Defense |title=Classified Teletype Conference, dated 27 June 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files |publisher=Truman Presidential Library and Museum |year=1950 |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm |page=1 and 4 |quote=Page 1: In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland." Page 4: "Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China. |journal= |access-date=9 March 2006 |archive-date=19 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419074919/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm }}</ref> The United States also passed the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] and the [[Formosa Resolution of 1955]], granting substantial [[United States foreign aid|foreign aid]] to the KMT regime between 1951 and 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Neil H.|last=Jacoby|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK054.pdf|title=An Evaluation of U.S. Economic Aid to Free China, 1951–1965|journal=A.I.D. Discussion Paper|date=January 1966|publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]|access-date=15 May 2022|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162558/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK054.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The US foreign aid stabilized prices in Taiwan by 1952.<ref>{{harvnb|Makinen|Woodward|1989}}: "It was the fiscal regime change on Taiwan, as in the European episodes, that finally brought price stability. It was the aid policy that brought the budget to near balance, and when the aid programme reached its full proportions in 1952, prices stabilized."</ref> The KMT government instituted many laws and [[Land reform in Taiwan|land reforms]] that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=6666|title=The Land Reform Movement in China|website=Taiwan Today|date=1 June 1951|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032054/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=6666|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was encouraged by American aid and programs such as the [[Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction|Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction]], which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 percent from 1952 to 1959.<ref>Ralph Clough, "Taiwan under Nationalist Rule, 1949–1982," in Roderick MacFarquar et al., ed., ''Cambridge History of China'', Vol 15, The People's Republic Pt 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 837</ref> The government also implemented a policy of [[import substitution industrialization]], attempting to produce imported goods domestically.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Da-Nien|last2=Shih|first2=Hui-Tzu|date=4 December 2013|title=The Transformation of Taiwan's Status Within the Production and Supply Chain in Asia|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-transformation-of-taiwans-status-within-the-production-and-supply-chain-in-asia/|access-date=6 January 2021|website=Brookings|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140707/https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-transformation-of-taiwans-status-within-the-production-and-supply-chain-in-asia/|url-status=live}}</ref> The policy promoted the development of textile, food, and other labor-intensive industries.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Tianbiao|year=2006|title=Rethinking Import-substituting Industrialization: Development Strategies and Institutions in Taiwan and China|journal=Research Paper 2006/076|publisher=UNU-WIDER|url=https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/rethinking-import-substituting-industrialization|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032054/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/rethinking-import-substituting-industrialization|url-status=live}}</ref>

As the Chinese Civil War continued, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan. Veterans built the [[Central Cross-Island Highway]] through the [[Taroko Gorge]] in the 1950s. During the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] in 1958, [[Nike Hercules]] missiles were added to the formation of missile batteries throughout the island.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smura|first=Tomasz|date=17 October 2016|url=https://pulaski.pl/en/in-the-shadow-of-communistic-missiles-air-and-missile-defence-in-taiwan/|title=In the shadow of Communistic missiles – Air and Missile Defence in Taiwan|website=Casimir Pulaski Foundation|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110100043/https://pulaski.pl/en/in-the-shadow-of-communistic-missiles-air-and-missile-defence-in-taiwan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Halperin|first=M.H.|year=1966|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM4900.pdf|title=Memorandum RM-4900-ISA (Abridged), The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History (U)|website=RAND Corporation|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220124223/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM4900.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|thumb|left|With Chiang Kai-shek, US president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.]]
During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government under the Kuomintang's [[Dang Guo]] system while its economy became industrialized and technology-oriented.<ref name="bbctimeline-coldwar">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1955_1972.stm |title=Taiwan Timeline&nbsp;– Cold war fortress |year=2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401173507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1955_1972.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> This rapid economic growth, known as the [[Taiwan Miracle]], occurred following a strategy of prioritizing agriculture, light industries, and heavy industries, in that order.{{sfnp|Hsü|1982|p=173}} [[Export-oriented industrialization]] was achieved by tax rebate for exports, removal of import restriction, moving from multiple exchange rate to single exchange rate system, and depreciation of the New Taiwan dollar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wu|first=Tsong-Min|year=2016|title=From Economic Controls to Export Expansion in Postwar Taiwan: 1946–1960|url=https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/16030030.html|website=RIETI|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032052/https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/16030030.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ten Major Construction Projects|Infrastructure projects]] such as the [[Sun Yat-sen Freeway]], [[Taoyuan International Airport]], [[Taichung Harbor]], and [[Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant]] were launched, while the rise of steel, petrochemical, and shipbuilding industries in southern Taiwan saw the transformation of Kaohsiung into a special municipality on par with Taipei.{{sfnp|Hsü|1982|p=174}} In the 1970s, Taiwan became the second fastest growing economy in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917286-3,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917286-3,00.html |archive-date=20 December 2009 |title=China: Chiang Kai-shek: Death of the Casualty |date=14 April 1975 |newspaper=Time |page=3 }}</ref> Real growth in [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] averaged over 10 percent.<ref name="Wu&Cheng2002">{{cite web|last1=Wu|first1=Rong-i|last2=Cheng|first2=Cheng-mount|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=12649&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Going-Up|title=Going Up|website=Taiwan Today|date=1 June 2002|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032049/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=12649&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Going-Up|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1978, the combination of tax incentives and a cheap, well-trained labor force attracted investments of over $1.9 billion from [[overseas Chinese]], the United States, and Japan.{{sfnp|Hsü|1982|pp=175, 176}} By 1980, foreign trade reached $39 billion per year and generated a surplus of $46.5 million.{{sfnp|Hsü|1982|p=173}} Along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea, Taiwan became known as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]].

Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Eventually, especially after [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|Taiwan's expulsion from the United Nations]], most nations switched [[diplomatic recognition]] to the PRC. Until the 1970s, the ROC government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, severely repressing any political opposition, and controlling the media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and competitive democratic elections did not exist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sun |first=Yat-sen |author2=Julie Lee Wei |author3=Ramon Hawley Myers |author4=Donald G. Gillin |title=Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen |editor=Julie Lee Wei |editor2=Ramon Hawley Myers |editor3=Donald G. Gillin |publisher=Hoover Press |year=1994 |page=36 |isbn=978-0-8179-9281-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YA3TzmnYRpYC |quote=The party first applied Sun's concept of political tutelage by governing through martial law, not tolerating opposition parties, controlling the public media, and using the 1947 constitution drawn up on the China mainland to govern. Thus, much of the world in those years gave the government low scores for democracy and human rights but admitted it had accomplished an economic miracle. |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170004/https://books.google.com/books?id=YA3TzmnYRpYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chao |first=Linda |author2=Ramon Hawley Myers |title=Democracy's new leaders in the Republic of China on Taiwan |publisher=Hoover Press |year=1997 |page=3 |isbn=978-0-8179-3802-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIiAd4MABAIC |quote=Although this party [the KMT] had initiated a democratic breakthrough and guided the democratic transition, it had also upheld martial law for thirty-six years and severely repressed political dissent and any efforts to establish an opposition party.{{nbsp}}... How was it possible that this party, so hated by opposition politicians and long regarded by Western critics as a dictatorial, Leninist-type party, still remained in power? |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170011/https://books.google.com/books?id=tIiAd4MABAIC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Fung|2000|p=67|ps=: "Nanjing was not only undemocratic and repressive but also inefficient and corrupt.{{nbsp}}... Furthermore, like other authoritarian regimes, the GMD sought to control people's mind."}}{{sfnp|Fung|2000|p=85|ps=: "The response to national emergency, critics argued, was not merely military, it was, even more important, political, requiring the termination of one-party dictatorship and the development of democratic institutions."}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Copper|first=John Franklin|title=Consolidating Taiwan's democracy|publisher=University Press of America|year=2005|page=8|isbn=978-0-7618-2977-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=761bWuEtEfEC|quote=Also, the "Temporary Provisions" (of the Constitution) did not permit forming new political parties, and those that existed at this time did not seriously compete with the Nationalist Party. Thus, at the national level the KMT did not permit competitive democratic elections.|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171005/https://books.google.com/books?id=761bWuEtEfEC|url-status=live}}</ref>

From the late 1970s to the 1990s, Taiwan underwent political and social reforms that transformed it into a democracy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chou|first1=Yangsun|last2=Nathan|first2=Andrew J.|year=1987|title=Democratizing Transition in Taiwan|journal=Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies|volume=1987|issue=3|url=https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mscas/vol1987/iss3/|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112221354/https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mscas/vol1987/iss3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Jim W.|year=2004|title=Cold War Triumph – Taiwan Democratized in Spite of U.S. Efforts|journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law|volume=36|issue=1|pages=137–181|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=jil|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311021237/https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=jil|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], Chiang Kai-shek's son, served as [[Premier of the Republic of China|premier]] from 1972 and rose to the presidency in 1978. He sought to move more authority to "[[bensheng ren]]" (residents of Taiwan before Japan's surrender and their descendants).<ref name="Kagan">Richard Kagan. ''Taiwan's Statesman: Lee Teng-hui and Democracy in Asia.'' Naval Institute Press, 2014. p. 91–93. {{ISBN|978-1-61251-755-1}}</ref> Pro-democracy activists ''[[Tangwai movement|Tangwai]]'' emerged as the opposition. In 1979, the [[Kaohsiung Incident]] took place in [[Kaohsiung]] on [[Human Rights Day]]. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm|title=Out with the old|year=2002|work=BBC News|access-date=30 October 2009|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223024239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1984, Chiang Ching-kuo selected [[Lee Teng-hui]] as his vice-president. After the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) was (illegally) founded as the first opposition party in Taiwan to counter the KMT in 1986, Chiang announced that he would allow the formation of new parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/08/taiwan-president-to-propose-end-to-islands-martial-law/363c7248-ccc9-4173-8599-419a587b5800/|title=Taiwan President to Propose End to Island's Martial Law|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 October 1986|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/08/taiwan-president-to-propose-end-to-islands-martial-law/363c7248-ccc9-4173-8599-419a587b5800/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 July 1987, Chiang lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Southerl|first=Daniel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/15/after-38-years-taiwan-lifts-martial-law/6ba420e6-f061-467a-9647-63858e4956b3/|title=After 38 Years, Taiwan Lifts Martial Law|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 July 1987|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/15/after-38-years-taiwan-lifts-martial-law/6ba420e6-f061-467a-9647-63858e4956b3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=F0120018|title=Compensation Act for Wrongful Trials on Charges of Sedition and Espionage during the Martial Law Period|website=Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=10 December 2022|quote=if the case took place in Kinmen, Matsu, Dongsha and Nansha, the term "martial law period" refers to the period of time from December 10, 1948 to November 6, 1992.}}</ref>

====Transition to democracy====
{{See also|Politics of the Republic of China}}

[[File:President Lee teng hui.png|thumb|upright|In 1988, [[Lee Teng-hui]] became the first president of the Republic of China born in Taiwan and was the first to be directly elected in 1996.]]

After Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, [[Lee Teng-hui]] became the first president of the ROC born in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 1988 |title=Taiwan Leader Chiang Dies; Pushed Reform |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-14-mn-36123-story.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130902/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-14-mn-36123-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lee's administration oversaw a period of [[democratization]] in which the [[Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion]] were abolished and the [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China|Additional Articles of the Constitution]] were introduced.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chiou |first=C.L. |year=1993 |title=The 1990 National Affairs Conference and the future of democracy in Taiwan |journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=17–33 |doi=10.1080/14672715.1993.10408343|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Tang1999">{{cite conference |last=Tang |first=Dennis Te-chung |year=1999 |title=Constitutional Reforms in Taiwan in the 1990s |url=https://idv.sinica.edu.tw/dennis/19990712.pdf |conference=5th World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law |publisher=Erasmus University |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130909/https://idv.sinica.edu.tw/dennis/19990712.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Congressional representation was allocated to only the [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan Area]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leng |first1=Shao-chuan |last2=Lin |first2=Cheng-yi |year=1993 |title=Political Change on Taiwan: Transition to Democracy? |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=136 |issue=136 |pages=805–839 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000032343 |jstor=655592 |s2cid=154907110}}</ref> and Taiwan underwent a process of [[Taiwanese nationalism|localization]] in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a [[Chinese nationalism#In Taiwan|pan-China viewpoint]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chang |first=Bi-yu |year=2004 |title=From Taiwanisation to De-sinification |journal=China Perspectives |volume=56 |issue=6 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.438|doi-access=free }}</ref> while [[Cultural assimilation|assimilationist]] policies were replaced with support for [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klöter |first=Henning |year=2004 |title=Language Policy in the KMT and DPP eras |journal=China Perspectives |volume=56 |issue=6 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.442|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1996, Lee was re-elected in [[1996 Taiwanese presidential election|the first direct presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Richburg |first=Keith B. |date=24 March 1996 |title=China Fails to Sway Election in Taiwan |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/03/24/china-fails-to-sway-election-in-taiwan/224dd1fa-3b95-40b1-ad92-d25f99f4a9fb/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/03/24/china-fails-to-sway-election-in-taiwan/224dd1fa-3b95-40b1-ad92-d25f99f4a9fb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During Lee's administration, both he and his party were involved in corruption controversies that came to be known as "[[black gold (politics)|black gold]]" politics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ching|first=Heng-wei|date=22 May 2000|title=Lee Teng-hui and the workings of the political machine|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2000/05/22/0000037016|work=Taipei Times|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130902/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2000/05/22/0000037016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fell|first=Dafydd|year=2005|title=Political and Media Liberalization and Political Corruption in Taiwan|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=184|issue=184|pages=875–893|doi=10.1017/S0305741005000548|jstor=20192543|s2cid=153762560|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/3536/1/fell_political_corruption_in_taiwan.pdf|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711092925/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/3536/1/fell_political_corruption_in_taiwan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Lawrence|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3095139/lee-teng-hui-controversial-figure-hailed-taiwans-father|title=Lee Teng-hui, a controversial figure hailed as Taiwan's "father of democracy"|work=South China Morning Post|date=30 July 2020|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130902/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3095139/lee-teng-hui-controversial-figure-hailed-taiwans-father|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Chen Shui-bian]] of the DPP was [[2000 Taiwanese presidential election|elected as the first non-KMT president in 2000]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/elect/archives/2000/03/19/0000028457|title=39% – A-bian wins – just|work=Taipei Times|date=19 March 2000|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130904/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/elect/archives/2000/03/19/0000028457|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Chen lacked legislative majority. The opposition KMT developed the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] with other parties, mustering a slim majority over the DPP-led [[Pan-Green Coalition]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Tong-yi|year=2002|title=Taiwan's 2001 Elections and Its Ongoing Democratic Consolidation|journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=43–57|jstor=44288689}}</ref> Polarized politics emerged in Taiwan with the Pan-Blue preference for eventual [[Chinese unification]], while the Pan-Green prefers [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwanese independence]].

Chen's reference to "[[One Country on Each Side]]" of the Taiwan Strait undercut [[cross-Strait relations]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rigger|first=Shelley|author1-link=Shelley Rigger|year=2003|title=Taiwan in 2002: Another Year of Political Droughts and Typhoons|journal=Asian Survey|volume=43|issue=1|pages=41–48|doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.1.41}}</ref> He pushed for the [[2004 Taiwanese cross-Strait relations referendum|first national referendum]] on cross-Strait relations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/03/21/2003107136|title=Controversial victory for Chen|work=Taipei Times|date=21 March 2004|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130906/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/03/21/2003107136|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1705|title=President Chen's Interview by the Washington Post|website=The Office of the President|date=30 March 2004|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171022/https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1705|url-status=live}}</ref> and called for an end to the [[National Unification Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4753974.stm|work=BBC News|title=Taiwan scraps unification council|date=27 February 2006|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409001459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4753974.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> State-run companies began dropping "China" references in their names and including "Taiwan".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2007/02/10/2003348385|title=State-run firms begin name change|work=Taipei Times|date=10 February 2007|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=16 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171105/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2007/02/10/2003348385|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, [[2008 Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums|referendums]] asked whether Taiwan should join the UN.<ref name="lam200803">{{cite journal | last = Lam | first = Willy | title = Ma Ying-jeou and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations | journal = China Brief | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | date = 28 March 2008 | url = http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374064 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080413105956/http://www.jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374064 |archive-date = 13 April 2008 }}</ref> This act alienated moderate constituents who supported the status quo, as well as those with cross-strait economic ties. It also created tension with the mainland and disagreements with the United States.<ref name="NYT2008">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/world/asia/12taiwan.html|title=Taiwan's Independence Movement Likely to Wane|last=Wong|first=Edward|date=12 March 2008|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092006/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/world/asia/12taiwan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chen's administration was also dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock, and [[Chen Shui-bian corruption charges|corruption investigations]].<ref name="economist20080323">{{cite news|title=The Nationalists are back in Taiwan|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/03/23/the-nationalists-are-back-in-taiwan|newspaper=The Economist|date=23 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116201415/https://www.economist.com/asia/2008/03/23/the-nationalists-are-back-in-taiwan|archive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="ft20080325">{{Cite news | title = Straitened times: Taiwan looks to China | newspaper = Financial Times | date = 25 March 2008 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/07d43e18-fa9a-11dc-aa46-000077b07658.html | access-date = 2 April 2012 | archive-date = 29 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329221133/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/07d43e18-fa9a-11dc-aa46-000077b07658.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="NYT2008" />

[[File:太陽花學運 IMG 5932 (13822412824).jpg|thumb|Students occupied the Legislative Yuan [[Sunflower Student Movement|in protest against]] a controversial [[Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement|trade agreement with China]] in March 2014.]]

The KMT's nominee [[Ma Ying-jeou]] won the [[2008 Republic of China presidential election|2008 presidential election]] on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of "[[Special non-state-to-state relations|mutual non-denial]]".<ref name="lam200803" /> Under Ma, Taiwan and China opened up direct flights and cargo shipments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=4430|title=Going Straight Ahead|website=Taiway Today|date=1 December 2009|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211122718/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=4430|url-status=live}}</ref> The PRC government even made the atypical decision to not demand that Taiwan be barred from the annual [[World Health Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2009/04/30/2003442391|title=WHO invites "Chinese Taipei" to WHA|work=Taipei Times|date=30 April 2009|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131203708/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2009/04/30/2003442391|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma also made an official apology for the White Terror.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7509805.stm |title=Taiwan sorry for white terror era |first=Caroline |last=Gluck |date=16 July 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403044423/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7509805.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stolojan|first1=Vladimir|last2=Guill|first2=Elizabeth|title=Transitional Justice and Collective Memory in Taiwan: How Taiwanese Society is Coming to Terms with Its Authoritarian Past|year=2017|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2017/2|issue=2 (110) |pages=27–35|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.7327|jstor=26380503|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, closer economic ties with China raised concerns about its political consequences.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mearsheimer|first=John J.|title=Say Goodbye to Taiwan|url=https://nationalinterest.org/article/say-goodbye-taiwan-9931|website=The National Interest|date=25 February 2014|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063027/https://nationalinterest.org/article/say-goodbye-taiwan-9931|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ho|first=Ming-sho|year=2015|title=Occupy Congress in Taiwan: Political Opportunity, Threat, and the Sunflower Movement|journal=Journal of East Asian Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=69–97|doi=10.1017/S1598240800004173|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2014, university students occupied the Legislative Yuan and prevented the ratification of the [[Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement]] in what became known as the [[Sunflower Student Movement]]. The movement gave rise to youth-based third parties such as the [[New Power Party]], and is viewed to have contributed to the DPP's victories in the [[2016 Taiwanese presidential election|2016 presidential]] and [[2016 Taiwanese legislative election|legislative elections]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ho |first1=Ming-sho |title=The Activist Legacy of Taiwan's Sunflower Movement |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/08/the-activist-legacy-of-taiwans-sunflower-movement?lang=en |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171033/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/08/the-activist-legacy-of-taiwans-sunflower-movement?lang=en&center=global |url-status=live }}</ref> the latter of which resulted in the first DPP legislative majority in Taiwanese history.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chow|first=Jermyn|title=Historic change as KMT loses long-held Parliament majority|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/historic-change-as-kmt-loses-long-held-parliament-majority|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=17 January 2016|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101173134/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/historic-change-as-kmt-loses-long-held-parliament-majority|url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2024, [[Lai Ching-te|William Lai Ching-te]] of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party won Taiwan's [[2024 Taiwanese presidential election|presidential elections]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Taiwan holds closely watched presidential and parliamentary polls |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/1/13/taiwan-votes-in-closely-watched-presidential-and-parliamentary-elections |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115103631/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/1/13/taiwan-votes-in-closely-watched-presidential-and-parliamentary-elections |url-status=live }}</ref> However, no party won a majority in the simultaneous Taiwan's [[2024 Taiwanese legislative election|legislative election]] for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the [[Taiwan People's Party]] (TPP) secured eight seats.<ref>{{cite news |title=No party gets majority in Legislature; KMT wins most seats – Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014 |work=Focus Taiwan – CNA English News |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204163716/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130014 |url-status=live }}</ref>