Editing Surveillance (section)

===Cameras===
{{Main|Closed-circuit television}}
[[File:Cairns-Lagoon.JPG|thumb|right|A surveillance camera in [[Cairns, Queensland]]]]
[[File:Three Surveillance cameras.jpg|thumb|right|Surveillance cameras such as these are installed by the millions in many countries, and are nowadays monitored by automated computer programs instead of humans.]]
Surveillance cameras, or security cameras, are video cameras used for the purpose of observing an area. They are often connected to a recording device or [[IP network]], and may be watched by a [[security guard]] or [[law enforcement officer]]. Cameras and recording equipment used to be relatively expensive and required human personnel to monitor camera footage, but analysis of footage has been made easier by automated software that organizes digital video footage into a searchable [[database]], and by video analysis software (such as [[VIRAT]] and [[Human Identification at a Distance|HumanID]]). The amount of footage is also drastically reduced by motion sensors which record only when motion is detected. With cheaper production techniques, surveillance cameras are simple and inexpensive enough to be used in home security systems, and for everyday surveillance. Video cameras are one of the most common methods of surveillance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crocco |first1=Marco |last2=Cristani |first2=Marco |last3=Trucco |first3=Andrea |last4=Murino |first4=Vittorio |date=2016-05-02 |title=Audio Surveillance: A Systematic Review |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2871183 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1145/2871183 |s2cid=6128808 |issn=0360-0300}}</ref>

As of 2016, there are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide. About 65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years.<ref name="SDM2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/92407-rise-of-surveillance-camera-installed-base-slows|title=Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows|date=5 May 2016|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> In 2018, [[mass surveillance in China|China was reported]] to have a huge surveillance network of over 170 million CCTV cameras with 400 million new cameras expected to be installed in the next three years, many of which use [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition technology]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43751276|title=Smart cameras catch man in 60,000 crowd|date=2018-04-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In the [[United States]], the [[Department of Homeland Security]] awards billions of dollars per year in [[Homeland Security grants]] for local, state, and federal agencies to install modern video surveillance equipment. For example, the city of [[Chicago]], Illinois, recently used a $5.1 million Homeland Security grant to install an additional 250 surveillance cameras, and connect them to a centralized monitoring center, along with its preexisting network of over 2000 cameras, in a program known as [[Operation Virtual Shield]]. Speaking in 2009, Chicago Mayor [[Richard M. Daley|Richard Daley]] announced that Chicago would have a surveillance camera on every street corner by 2016.<ref name="sun-times">{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/1440402,|title=Surveillance cams help fight crime, city says|last=Spielman|first=Fran|date=February 19, 2009|work=Chicago Sun Times|access-date=March 13, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="were-watching">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/were-watching/|title=We're Watching: How Chicago Authorities Keep An Eye On The City|last=Schorn|first=Daniel|date=September 6, 2006|work=CBS News|access-date=March 13, 2009|archive-date=February 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206151429/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/05/five_years/main1968121.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New York City]] received a $350 million grant towards the development of the [[Domain Awareness System]],<ref name="informs-2017">{{cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=E. S.|last2=Tisch|first2=Jessica|last3=Tasso|first3=Anthony|last4=Joy|first4=Michael|date=February 2017|title=The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System|journal=Interfaces|volume=47|issue=1|pages=70–84|doi=10.1287/inte.2016.0860}}</ref> which is an interconnected system of sensors including 18,000 CCTV cameras used for continual surveillance of the city<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-metro-argus-cameras-east-20181024-story.html|title=New NYPD surveillance cameras to cover stretch of Upper East Side not easily reached by patrol cars|last=Parascandola|first=Rocco|website=nydailynews.com|date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> by both police officers and [[Artificial intelligence for video surveillance|artificial intelligence systems]].<ref name="informs-2017" />

In the [[United Kingdom]], the vast majority of video surveillance cameras are not operated by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to 2011 [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information Act]] requests, the total number of local government operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.<ref name=BBW2012>{{cite web|title=The Price of Privacy: How local authorities spent £515m on CCTV in four years|url=http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|publisher=Big Brother Watch|access-date=4 February 2015|date=February 2012|page=30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185058/http://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/files/priceofprivacy/Price_of_privacy_2012.pdf|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The prevalence of video surveillance in the UK is often overstated due to unreliable estimates being requoted;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|title=FactCheck: how many CCTV cameras?|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-date=May 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511054941/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/factcheck+how+many+cctv+cameras/2291167|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Guardian2011>{{cite news|title=You're being watched: there's one CCTV camera for every 32 people in UK – Research shows 1.85m machines across Britain, most of them indoors and privately operated|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/02/cctv-cameras-watching-surveillance|access-date=7 January 2017|work=The Guardian|date=2 March 2011|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=In the press: How the media is reporting the 1.85 million cameras story|url=http://www.securitynewsdesk.com/in-the-press-how-the-media-is-reporting-the-1-85-million-cameras-story/|access-date=7 January 2017|work=Security News Desk|date=3 March 2011}}</ref> for example one report in 2002 extrapolated from a very small sample to estimate the number of cameras in the UK at 4.2 million (of which 500,000 were in [[London|Greater London]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.urbaneye.net/results/ue_wp6.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=CCTV in London|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> More reliable estimates put the number of private and local government operated cameras in the United Kingdom at around 1.85 million in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|title=How many cameras are there?|publisher=CCTV User Group|date=18 June 2008|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023191646/http://www.cctvusergroup.com/art.php?art=94|archive-date=October 23, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In the Netherlands, one example city where there are cameras is The Hague. There, cameras are placed in city districts in which the most illegal activity is concentrated. Examples are the [[red-light district]]s and the train stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denhaag.nl/en/residents/relocation-and-settling/to/Camera-surveillance.htm|title=Camera surveillance| author =Den Haag|access-date=December 2, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008030841/http://www.denhaag.nl/en/residents/relocation-and-settling/to/Camera-surveillance.htm|archive-date=October 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

As part of China's [[Golden Shield Project]], several U.S. corporations, including [[IBM]], [[General Electric]], and [[Honeywell]], have been working closely with the [[Politics of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] to install millions of surveillance cameras throughout [[People's Republic of China|China]], along with advanced [[video analytics]] and facial recognition software, which will identify and track individuals everywhere they go. They will be connected to a centralized database and monitoring station, which will, upon completion of the project, contain a picture of the face of every person in China: over 1.3 billion people.<ref name="rollingstone-china">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/20797485/chinas_allseeing_eye/print|title=China's All-Seeing Eye|last=Klein|first=Naomi|date=May 29, 2008|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=March 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326152758/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/20797485/chinas_allseeing_eye/print|archive-date=March 26, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lin Jiang Huai, the head of China's "Information Security Technology" office (which is in charge of the project), credits the surveillance systems in the United States and the U.K. as the inspiration for what he is doing with the Golden Shield Project.<ref name="rollingstone-china"/>

[[File:DSTAMP Controp Camera.jpg|thumb|left|A payload surveillance camera manufactured by Controp and distributed to the U.S. government by ADI Technologies]]
The [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) is funding a research project called [[Combat Zones That See]] that will link up cameras across a city to a centralized monitoring station, identify and track individuals and vehicles as they move through the city, and report "suspicious" activity (such as waving arms, looking side-to-side, standing in a group, etc.).<ref name="wired-cts">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/big-brother-to-see-all-everywhere/ |title=Big Brother To See All, Everywhere |date=July 1, 2003 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS News|access-date=September 26, 2014}}</ref>

At [[Super Bowl XXXV]] in January 2001, police in Tampa, Florida, used [[Identix Incorporated|Identix's]] facial recognition software, FaceIt, to scan the crowd for potential criminals and terrorists in attendance at the event<ref name="Bonsor">{{cite web|last=Bonsor|first=K.|title=How Facial Recognition Systems Work|access-date=June 18, 2006|url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/facial-recognition.htm|date=2001-09-04}}</ref> (it found 19 people with pending arrest warrants).<ref name="McNealy">{{cite web|last=McNealy|first=Scott|title=Privacy is (Virtually) Dead |access-date=December 24, 2006|url=http://www.jrnyquist.com/aug20/privacy.htm}}</ref>

Governments often initially claim that cameras are meant to be used for [[Road traffic control|traffic control]], but many of them end up using them for general surveillance.{{cn|date=August 2023}} For example, Washington, D.C. had 5,000 "traffic" cameras installed under this premise, and then after they were all in place, networked them all together and then granted access to the Metropolitan Police Department, so they could perform "day-to-day monitoring".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/trapwire-everything-you-need-to-know-2012-8|title=WIKILEAKS: Surveillance Cameras Around The Country Are Being Used In A Huge Spy Network|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>

The development of centralized networks of CCTV cameras watching public areas—linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity ([[biometric]] data), able to track people's movements throughout the city, and identify whom they have been with—has been argued by some to present a risk to [[civil liberties]].<ref name="epic-video-page">{{cite web|url=http://epic.org/privacy/surveillance/|title=EPIC Video Surveillance Information Page|work=EPIC|access-date=March 13, 2009|archive-date=February 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225214527/http://epic.org/privacy/surveillance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Trapwire]] is an example of such a network.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarah |last=Hedgecock |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/08/14/trapwire-the-less-than-advertised-system-to-spy-on-americans.html |title=TrapWire: The Less-Than-Advertised System To Spy On Americans |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>

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