Editing Subspecies of Canis lupus (section)

===North America===
[[File:North American gray wolf subspecies distribution according to Goldman (1944) & MSW3 (2005).png|thumb|North American wolf subspecies distribution according to Goldman (1944) and Hall (1981). Hall split off ''C. l. griseoalbus'' from Goldman's ''C. l. occidentalis''. These subspecies are included in ''[[MSW3]]'' 2005.]]

For North America, in 1944 the zoologist [[Edward Alphonso Goldman|Edward Goldman]] recognized as many as 23 subspecies based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Stanley P.|last2=Goldman|first2=Edward A.|title=The Wolves of North America|publisher=Dover Publications, New York|volume=2|year=1944|pages=413–477|isbn=978-0486211930}}</ref> In 1959, E. Raymond Hall proposed that there had been 24 subspecies of ''lupus'' in North America.<ref>''The Mammals of North America'', E. Raymond Hall & Keith R. Kelson, Ronald Press New York, 1959</ref> In 1970, [[L. David Mech]] proposed that there was "probably far too many subspecific designations...in use", as most did not exhibit enough points of differentiation to be classified as separate subspecies.<ref>Mech, L. David. 1970. ''The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species''. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis</ref> The 24 subspecies were accepted by many authorities in 1981 and these were based on morphological or geographical differences, or a unique history.<ref>''The Mammals of North America'', E. Raymond Hall, Wiley New York, 1981</ref> In 1995, the American mammalogist Robert M. Nowak analyzed data on the skull morphology of wolf specimens from around the world. For North America, he proposed that there were only five subspecies of the wolf. These include a large-toothed Arctic wolf named ''C. l. arctos'', a large wolf from Alaska and western Canada named ''C. l. occidentalis'', a small wolf from southeastern Canada named ''C. l. lycaon'', a small wolf from the southwestern U.S. named ''C. l. baileyi'' and a moderate-sized wolf that was originally found from Texas to Hudson Bay and from Oregon to Newfoundland named ''C. l. nubilus''.<ref name=mech2003/><ref name=nowak1995/>

The taxonomic classification of ''Canis lupus'' in ''Mammal Species of the World'' (3rd edition, 2005) listed 27 subspecies of North American wolf,<ref name=wozencraft2005/> corresponding to the 24 ''Canis lupus'' subspecies and the three ''Canis rufus'' subspecies of Hall (1981).<ref name=nowak1995/> The table below shows the extant subspecies, with the extinct ones listed in the following section.
{{Clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ North American subspecies of ''Canis lupus''
|-
! scope="col" width=12%| Subspecies
! scope="col" width=12%| Image
! scope="col" width=12%| Authority
! scope="col" width=20%| Description
! scope="col" width=18%| Range
! scope="col" width=26%| Taxonomic synonyms
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. arctos''<br />[[Arctic wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. arctos mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Pocock, 1935<ref>{{ITIS|id=726812 |taxon=''Canis lupus arctos'' Pocock, 1935}}</ref>
| A medium-sized, almost completely white subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944arctos">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 430-31</ref>
| [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island (the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)]], [[Ellesmere Island]]
| <small>The current (2025) classification of the more broadly defined ''C. l. arctos'' of Nowak (1995) synonymizes ''C. l. orion'' and ''C. l. bernardi''.<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal|title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses|publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. baileyi''<br />[[Mexican wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. baileyi mod.jpg|130 px]]
| Nelson and Goldman, 1929<ref>{{ITIS|id=726813 |taxon=''Canis lupus baileyi'' Nelson and Goldman, 1929}}</ref>
| The smallest of the North American subspecies, with dark fur.<ref name="goldman1944baileyi">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 469-71</ref>
| Southwestern [[New Mexico]] and southeastern [[Arizona]] as well as northern [[Mexico]]; once ranged into western [[Texas]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. columbianus''<br />[[British Columbia wolf|British Columbian wolf]]
| [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. columbianus mod.jpg|150 px]] 
| Goldman, 1941
|  Smaller-sized; unique diet of fish and smaller-sized deer in temperate rainforest; similar to ''crassodon''.
|  Coastal [[British Columbia]] and coastal [[Yukon]] 
| <small>Currently (2023) synonymized under ''C. l. crassodon''.</small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. crassodon''<br />[[Vancouver Island wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. crassodon mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Hall, 1932
| A medium-sized subspecies with grayish fur; similar to ''columbianus''.<ref name="goldman1944crassodon">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 459-60</ref>
| [[Vancouver Island]], [[British Columbia]]
| <small>Currently (2023) ''C. l. crassodon'' synonymizes ''C. l. ligoni'' and ''C. l. columbianus''.</small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. familiaris''<br />[[Dog|Domestic dog]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small>
|[[File:Yakutian laika (white background).jpg|120 px]]
|
| 
| worldwide
|<small>The domestic dog is a divergent subspecies of the gray wolf and was derived from an extinct population of Late Pleistocene wolves.<ref name=fan2016/><ref name=freedman2014/><ref name=thalmann2013/> Through [[Evolutionary pressure|selective pressure]] and [[selective breeding]], the domestic dog has developed into hundreds of varied [[List of dog breeds|breeds]] and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.<ref name="spady"/></small>


{{smalldiv|1=
''aegyptius'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''alco'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''americanus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''anglicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''antarcticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''aprinus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''aquaticus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''aquatilis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''avicularis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''borealis'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''brevipilis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''cursorius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''domesticus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''extrarius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''ferus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''fricator'' Gmelin, 1792,
''fricatrix'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''fuillus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''gallicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''glaucus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''graius'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''grajus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hagenbecki'' Krumbiegel, 1950,
''haitensis'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''hibernicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hirsutus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''hybridus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''islandicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''italicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''laniarius'' Gmelin, 1792,
''leoninus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''leporarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''major'' Gmelin, 1792,
''mastinus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''melitacus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''melitaeus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''minor'' Gmelin, 1792,
''molossus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''mustelinus'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''obesus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''orientalis'' Gmelin, 1792,
''pacificus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''plancus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''pomeranus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''sagaces'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''sanguinarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''sagax'' Linnaeus, 1758,
''scoticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''sibiricus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''suillus'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''terraenovae'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''terrarius'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''turcicus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''urcani'' C. E. H. Smith, 1839,
''variegatus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''venaticus'' Gmelin, 1792,
''vertegus'' Gmelin, 1792<ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000752 }}</ref>
}}

<small>Increasingly proposed as the species ''Canis familiaris'' but debated<ref>{{Cite book|title=The domestic dog : its evolution, behavior and interactions with people|others=Serpell, James, 1952-, Barrett, Priscilla|isbn=9781107024144|edition= Second|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=8|oclc=957339355|last1=Serpell|first1=James|date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref name="ASMdog"/></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. hudsonicus''<br />[[Hudson Bay wolf]]
| [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. hudsonicus mod.jpg|140px]]
| Goldman, 1941
| A light-colored subspecies similar to ''occidentalis'', but smaller.<ref name="goldman1944hudsonicus">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 427-29</ref>
| Northern [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. irremotus''<br />[[Northern Rocky Mountain wolf]]
| [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. irremotus mod.jpg|140 px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/><ref>{{ITIS|id=726829 |taxon=''Canis lupus irremotus'' Goldman, 1937}}</ref>
| A medium-sized to large subspecies with pale fur.<ref name="goldman1944irremotus">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 445-49</ref>
| The northern [[Rocky Mountains]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. labradorius''<br />[[Labrador wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. labradorius.jpg|140px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944labradorius">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 434-35</ref>
| [[Labrador]] and northern [[Quebec]]; confirmed presence on [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]<ref name=tele1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetelegram.com/Canada---World/Sports/2012-05-25/article-2987989/Wolf-in-Newfoundland-probably-made-it-to-island-on-ice%2C-experts-say/1|title=Wolf in Newfoundland probably made it to island on ice, experts say|publisher=The Telegram|date=25 May 2012|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2012/env/0823n04.htm|title=Genetic Retesting of DNA Confirms Second Wolf on Island of Newfoundland |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. ligoni''<br />[[Alexander Archipelago wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. ligoni mod.jpg|140px]]
| Goldman, 1937<ref name="Goldman"/>
| A medium-sized, dark-colored subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944ligoni">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 453-55</ref>
| The [[Alexander Archipelago]], [[Alaska]]
| <small>Currently (2023) synonymized under ''C. l. crassodon''.</small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. lycaon''<br />[[Eastern wolf]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small>
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V).png|130px]]
| Schreber, 1775
| Two forms are known – a small, reddish-brown colored form called the Algonquin wolf; and a slightly larger, more grayish-brown form called the [[Great Lakes wolf]], which is an admixture of the Algonquin wolf and other gray wolves.<ref name="goldman1944lycaon">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 437-41</ref>
| The Algonquin form occupies central [[Ontario]] and southwestern [[Quebec]], particularly in and nearby protected areas, such as [[Algonquin Provincial Park]] in [[Ontario]], and possibly extreme northeastern U.S. and western New Brunswick. The Great Lakes form occupies northern Ontario, [[Wisconsin]] and [[Minnesota]], the Upper Peninsula of [[Michigan]] and southern [[Manitoba]].  Overlaps of the two forms occur, with intermixing in the southern portions of northern Ontario. 
| <small>''canadensis'' de Blainville, 1843, ''ungavensis'' Comeau, 1940</small><ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000763 }}</ref><br /><br /><small>The Algonquin form is currently (2025) recognized as the species ''Canis lycaon''<ref name=wilson2000/> by the American Society of Mammalogists, but its taxonomy is still debated.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1002/ece3.7757 |last1=Wilson |first1=Paul J. |last2=Rutledge |first2=Linda Y. |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=13 |pages=9137–9147 |pmid=34257949 |pmc=8258226 |bibcode=2021EcoEv..11.9137W }}</ref></small> 
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. mackenzii''<br />[[Mackenzie River wolf]]
| [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. mackenzii mod.jpg|150px]]
| Anderson, 1943
| A subspecies with variable fur and intermediate in size between ''occidentalis'' and ''manningi''.<ref name="goldman1944mackenzii">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 474-76</ref>
| The southern [[Northwest Territories]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. manningi''<br />[[Baffin Island wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. manningi mod.jpg|130 px]]
| Anderson, 1943
| The smallest subspecies of the Arctic, with buffy-white fur.<ref name="goldman1944manningi">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 476-77</ref>
| [[Baffin Island]]
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. nubilus''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. occidentalis''<br />[[Northwestern wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. occidentalis mod.jpg|150px]]
| Richardson, 1829
| A very large, usually light-colored subspecies, and the biggest subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944occidentalis">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 424-27</ref>
| [[Alaska]], [[Yukon]], the [[Northwest Territories]], [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], and the [[northwestern United States]]
| <small>''ater'' Richardson, 1829, ''sticte'' Richardson, 1829<ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000769 }}</ref></small>

<small>The ''C. l. occidentalis'' of Nowak (1995) synonymizes ''alces'', ''columbianus'', ''griseoalbus'', ''mackenzii'', ''pambasileus'' and ''tundrarum'', which is the currently (2025) recognized classification.<ref name=nowak1995/></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. orion''<br />[[Greenland wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. orion mod.jpg|150px]]
| Pocock, 1935
| 
| [[Greenland]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]]<ref>Nowak, R.M. 1983. A perspective on the taxonomy of wolves in North America. In: Carbyn, L.N., ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska. Canadian Wildlife Service, Report Series 45:lO-19.</ref>
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. arctos''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. pambasileus''<br />[[Interior Alaskan wolf|Alaskan Interior wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. pambasileus mod.jpg|150 px]]
| Miller, 1912
| The second largest subspecies of wolf, second in skull and tooth proportions only to ''occidentalis'' (see chart above), with fur that is black, white or a mixture of both in color.<ref name="Miller, G.S.">{{Cite web |last=Miller Jr. |first=Gerrit S. |date=8 June 1912 |title=THE NAMES OF THE LARGE WOLVES OF NORTHERN AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/23457/1912%20SMC%20v59%20Miller%20Wolves%27%20names%201-5.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Smithsonian Research Online}}</ref>
| The [[Interior Alaska|Alaskan Interior]] and [[Yukon]], save for the [[tundra]] region of the Arctic Coast<ref name=mech1981pambasileus>Mech, L. David (1981), ''The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species'', University of Minnesota Press, pp. 352-353, {{ISBN|0-8166-1026-6}}</ref>
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
|-
! scope="row" |''C. l. nubilus''<br />[[Great Plains wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III) C. l. nubilus mod.jpg|140px]]
| Say, 1823
| A medium-sized, light-colored subspecies.<ref name="goldman1944nubilus">Young, Stanley P.; Goldman, Edward A. (1944). ''The Wolves of North America, Part II''. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., pp. 441-45</ref>
| Throughout the [[Great Plains]] from southern [[Manitoba]] and [[Saskatchewan]] southward to northern [[Texas]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mech|first1=L.|title=The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species|publisher=Doubleday|year=1970|chapter=Appendix A – Subspecies of wolves – North American|isbn=978-0-307-81913-0|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=KOQZrXvczGMC}}|quote=Great Plains wolf; buffalo wolf; loafer. This is another extinct subspecies. It once extended throughout the Great Plains from southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan southward to northern Texas.}}</ref>
| <small>''variabilis'' Wied-Neuwied, 1841</small>.<ref>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id =14000768 }}</ref> <small>Previously thought extinct in 1926, the Great Plains wolf's descendants were found in the northeastern region of the United States and have become federally protected since 1974.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-85952-1|title=Recovery of Gray wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States, An Endangered Subpecies Success Story|publisher=link.springer.com|year=2009 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-85952-1 |isbn=978-0-387-85951-4 |s2cid=132793403 |editor-last1=Wydeven |editor-last2=Van Deelen |editor-last3=Heske |editor-first1=Adrian P |editor-first2=Timothy R |editor-first3=Edward J }}</ref></small> 

<small>As of 2025 the classification of the more broadly defined ''C. l. nubilus'' of Nowak (1995) synonymizes ''beothucus'', ''fuscus'', ''hudsonicus'', ''irremotus'', ''labridorius'', ''manningi'', ''mogollonensis'', ''monstrabilis'' and ''youngi'', in which case the subspecies is extant in Canada (see infobox map).<ref name=nowak1995/></small>
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. rufus''<br />[[Red wolf]]<br /><small>but refer Synonyms</small> 
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. rufus mod.png|130 px]]
| Audubon and Bachman, 1851
| Has a brownish or cinnamon pelt, with gray and black shading on the back and tail. Generally intermediate in size between other North American wolf subspecies and the [[coyote]]. Like other wolves, it has almond-shaped eyes, a broad muzzle and a wide nose pad though, like the coyote, its ears are proportionately larger. It has a deeper profile, a longer and broader head than the coyote, and has a less prominent ruff than other wolves.<ref name=canis>{{cite web | title = Red Wolf | website = canids.org | url = http://www.canids.org/species/Red_wolf.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217112919/http://www.canids.org/species/Red_wolf.pdf | archive-date = 2008-12-17 }}</ref> 
| Historically distributed throughout the [[Eastern United States|Eastern]], [[Southern United States|Southern]], and [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] [[United States]], from southernmost [[New York (state)|New York]] south to [[Florida]] and west to [[Texas]]. Modern range is eastern [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/southeast/wildlife/mammals/red-wolf/|title=Red wolf|website=Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>
| {{smalldiv|Currently considered a distinct species, ''Canis rufus'', but this proposal is still debated.<ref name=chambers2012/> As a species, the red wolf would have the following subspecies:
#''[[Canis rufus rufus]]'', formerly ''Canis niger rufus'' (Texas red wolf) 
#''[[Canis rufus floridanus]]'', formerly ''Canis niger niger'' (Florida black wolf) 
#''[[Canis rufus gregoryi]]'', formerly ''Canis niger gregoryi'' (Mississippi Valley red wolf)
}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''C. l. tundrarum''<br />[[Alaskan tundra wolf]]
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. tundrarum mod.jpg|150 px]]
| Miller, 1912
| A large, white-colored subspecies closely resembling ''pambasileus'', though lighter in color.<ref name=mech1981tundrarum>Mech, L. David (1981), ''The Wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species'', University of Minnesota Press, p. 353, {{ISBN|0-8166-1026-6}}</ref>
| The [[Barren Grounds]] of the Arctic Coast region from near [[Point Barrow]] eastward toward [[Hudson Bay]] and probably northwards to the [[Arctic Archipelago]]<ref name=miller1912>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = G. S. | year = 1913 | title = The names of the large wolves of northern and western North America | journal = Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections | volume = 59 | issue = #15 }}</ref>
| <small>Currently (2025) synonymized under ''C. l. occidentalis''<ref name=nowak1995/><ref>{{cite journal |title=An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses |publisher= Department of Environment and Conservation, Newfoundland and Labrador|date=23 August 2012|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Amaral |first1=Michael |last2=Fazio |first2=Bud |last3=Fain |first3=Steven R. |last4=Chambers |first4=Steven M. |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi-access=free }}</ref></small>
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