Editing Style (visual arts) (section)

==Manner==
"Manner" is a related term, often used for what is in effect a sub-division of a style, perhaps focused on particular points of style or technique.<ref>"What Is Poetry?", "Petronius Arbiter"<!-- pseudonym, not the Roman writer -->, ''The Art World'', Vol. 3, No. 6 (Mar., 1918), pp. 506–511, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25588388 JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215143614/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25588388 |date=2018-12-15 }}</ref> While many elements of period style can be reduced to characteristic forms or shapes, that can adequately be represented in simple line-drawn diagrams, "manner" is more often used to mean the overall style and atmosphere of a work, especially complex works such as paintings, that cannot so easily be subject to precise analysis. It is a somewhat outdated term in academic art history, avoided because it is imprecise.  When used it is often in the context of imitations of the individual style of an artist, and it is one of the hierarchy of discreet or diplomatic terms used in the [[art trade]] for the relationship between a work for sale and that of a well-known artist, with "Manner of [[Rembrandt]]" suggesting a distanced relationship between the style of the work and Rembrandt's own style.  The "Explanation of Cataloguing Practice" of the auctioneers [[Christie's]]' explains that "'''Manner of{{nbsp}}...'''" in their auction catalogues means "In our opinion a work executed in the artist's style but of a later date".<ref>[http://christies.scene7.com/s7/brochure/flash_brochure.jsp?company=Christies&sku=AMS3025_SaleCat&config=Christies/eCat_210x267_Full&locale=en&image=Christies/AMS3025_SaleCat Christie's "Explanation of Cataloguing Practice" (after lot listings)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105812/http://christies.scene7.com/s7/brochure/flash_brochure.jsp?company=Christies&sku=AMS3025_SaleCat&config=Christies%2FeCat_210x267_Full&locale=en&image=Christies%2FAMS3025_SaleCat |date=2016-03-05 }}. "Style" is not used for paintings etc., but for European porcelain they give the example:"A plate in the Worcester style" means "In our opinion, a copy or imitation of pieces made in the named factory, place or region". For examples, [http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19224/lot/37/ this painting, sold by Bonhams in 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522104033/http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19224/lot/37/ |date=2013-05-22 }} as "Manner of Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn", is now attributed in their notes to "an anonymous eighteenth-century follower of Rembrandt". [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/manner-of-rembrandt-harmensz-van-rijn-christ-5343274-details.aspx This example sold by Christie's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525075824/http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/manner-of-rembrandt-harmensz-van-rijn-christ-5343274-details.aspx |date=2013-05-25 }} fetched only £750 in 2010.</ref> [[Mannerism]], derived from the Italian ''maniera'' ("manner") is a specific phase of the general Renaissance style, but "manner" can be used very widely.