Editing Stratovolcano (section)

===Ash===
{{main|Volcanic ash}}
[[File:Ashfall from Pinatubo, 1991.jpg|thumb|Snow-like blanket of [[Mount Pinatubo]]'s ashfall deposits in a parking lot on [[Clark Air Base]] (15 June 1991)]]

In addition to potentially affecting the climate, [[volcanic ash]] clouds from [[explosive eruption]]s pose a serious hazard to [[aviation]].<ref name="dynearth"/> [[Volcanic ash]] clouds consist of silt- or sand-sized pieces of rock, mineral, [[volcanic glass]]. Volcanic ash grains are jagged, abrasive, and don't dissolve in water.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Ash Fall—A "Hard Rain" of Abrasive Particles {{!}} USGS Volcano Fact Sheet|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs027-00/|access-date=16 October 2024|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> For example, during the 1982 eruption of [[Galunggung]] in [[Java]], [[British Airways Flight 9]] flew into the ash cloud, causing it to sustain temporary engine failure and structural damage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Report on Galunggung (Indonesia) – June 1982|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN198206-263140|access-date=24 October 2024|publisher=Global Volcanism Program|doi=10.5479/si.gvp.sean198206-263140}}</ref> Although no crashes have happened due to ash, more than 60, mostly [[commercial aircraft]], have been damaged. Some of these incidents resulted in emergency landings.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=Plate tectonics and people [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonics.html|access-date=25 September 2024|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref><ref name="dynearth"/> [[Volcanic ash|Ashfalls]] are a threat to health when inhaled and are also a threat to property. A square yard of a 4-inch thick volcanic ash layer can weigh 120–200 pounds and can get twice as heavy when wet. Wet ash also poses a risk to electronics due to its [[Electrical conductor|conductive]] nature.<ref name=":22"/> Dense clouds of hot volcanic ash can be expelled due to the collapse of an [[Eruption column|eruptive column]], or laterally due to the partial collapse of a [[volcanic edifice]] or [[lava dome]] during [[explosive eruption]]s. These clouds are known as [[pyroclastic surge]]s and in addition to volcanic ash, they contain hot [[lava]], [[pumice]], [[Volcanic rock|rock]], and volcanic gas. Pyroclastic surges flow at speeds over 50&nbsp;mph and are at temperatures between 200&nbsp;°C – 700&nbsp;°C. These surges can cause major damage to property and people in their path.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyroclastic flows move fast and destroy everything in their path {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/pyroclastic-flows-move-fast-and-destroy-everything-their-path|access-date=16 October 2024|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref>