Editing Stingray (section)

=== Jaw and teeth ===
The mouth of the stingray is located on the [[Anatomical term of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] side of the vertebrate. Stingrays exhibit hyostylic jaw suspension, which means that the mandibular arch is only suspended by an articulation with the [[hyomandibula]]. This type of suspensions allows for the upper jaw to have high mobility and protrude outward.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXMBQAAQBAJ&q=biology+of+sharks+and+their+relatives+2nd+edition+jaws&pg=PA176|title=Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives|edition=Second|last1=Carrier|first1=Jeffrey C.|last2=Musick|first2=John A.|last3=Heithaus|first3=Michael R.|name-list-style=vanc|date=2012-04-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439839263|access-date=2020-11-21|archive-date=2022-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXMBQAAQBAJ&q=biology+of+sharks+and+their+relatives+2nd+edition+jaws&pg=PA176|url-status=live}}</ref> The teeth are modified [[placoid scale]]s that are regularly shed and replaced.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Oy1i-8vfsC&q=teeth+that+are+modified+placoid+scales&pg=PA26|title=Biology Of Fishes|last=Khanna|first=D. R.|date=2004|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=9788171419081|access-date=2020-11-21|archive-date=2022-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110002707/https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Oy1i-8vfsC&q=teeth+that+are+modified+placoid+scales&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> In general, the teeth have a root implanted within the connective tissue and a visible portion of the tooth, is large and flat, allowing them to crush the bodies of hard shelled prey.<ref name="Morphology does not predict">{{cite journal |last1=Kolmann |first1=M. A. |last2=Crofts |first2=S. B. |last3=Dean |first3=M. N. |last4=Summers |first4=A. P. |last5=Lovejoy |first5=N. R. |title=Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=13 November 2015 |volume=218 |issue=24 |pages=3941–3949 |doi=10.1242/jeb.127340 |pmid=26567348|doi-access=free }}</ref> Male stingrays display [[sexual dimorphism]] by developing [[Cusp (anatomy)|cusps]], or pointed ends, to some of their teeth. During mating season, some stingray species fully change their tooth morphology which then returns to baseline during non-mating seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kajiura|first1=null|last2=Tricas|first2=null|date=1996|title=Seasonal dynamics of dental sexual dimorphism in the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=199|issue=Pt 10|pages=2297–2306|doi=10.1242/jeb.199.10.2297|pmid=9320215|doi-access=free}}</ref>