Editing Stimulant (section)

===Chronic===
Assessment of the effects of stimulants is relevant given the large population currently taking stimulants. A systematic review of cardiovascular effects of prescription stimulants found no association in children, but found a correlation between prescription stimulant use and [[ischemic]] [[heart attack]]s.<ref name="pmid22682429">{{cite journal|last1=Westover|first1=Arthur N.|last2=Halm|first2=Ethan A.|title=Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review|journal=BMC Cardiovascular Disorders|date=9 June 2012|volume=12|issue=1 |page=41|doi=10.1186/1471-2261-12-41|pmid=22682429|issn=1471-2261|pmc=3405448 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  A review over a four-year period found that there were few negative effects of stimulant treatment, but stressed the need for longer-term studies.<ref name="pmid22917983">{{cite journal|last1=Fredriksen|first1=Mats|last2=Halmøy|first2=Anne|last3=Faraone|first3=Stephen V.|last4=Haavik|first4=Jan|title=Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD: a review of controlled and naturalistic studies|journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology|date=1 June 2013|volume=23|issue=6|pages=508–527|doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.016|pmid=22917983|issn=1873-7862|hdl=10852/40257|s2cid=20400392|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A review of a year long period of prescription stimulant use in those with [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] found that cardiovascular side effects were limited to transient increases in blood pressure only.<ref name="pmid25648243">{{cite journal|last1=Hammerness|first1=Paul G.|last2=Karampahtsis|first2=Chris|last3=Babalola|first3=Ronke|last4=Alexander|first4=Mark E.|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: what are the long-term cardiovascular risks?|journal=Expert Opinion on Drug Safety|date=1 April 2015|volume=14|issue=4|pages=543–551|doi=10.1517/14740338.2015.1011620|pmid=25648243|s2cid=39425997|issn=1744-764X}}</ref> However, a 2024 systematic review of the evidence found that stimulants overall improve ADHD symptoms and broadband behavioral measures in children and adolescents, though they carry risks of side effects like appetite suppression and other adverse events.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Bradley S. |last2=Trampush |first2=Joey |last3=Maglione |first3=Margaret |last4=Bolshakova |first4=Maria |last5=Rozelle |first5=Mary |last6=Miles |first6=Jeremy |last7=Pakdaman |first7=Sheila |last8=Brown |first8=Morah |last9=Yagyu |first9=Sachi |last10=Motala |first10=Aneesa |last11=Hempel |first11=Susanne |date=2024-04-01 |title=Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/4/e2024065787/196922/Treatments-for-ADHD-in-Children-and-Adolescents-A |journal=Pediatrics |language=en |volume=153 |issue=4 |doi=10.1542/peds.2024-065787 |pmid=38523592 |issn=0031-4005 |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712143559/https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/4/e2024065787/196922/Treatments-for-ADHD-in-Children-and-Adolescents-A |url-status=live }}</ref> Initiation of stimulant treatment in those with ADHD in early childhood appears to carry benefits into adulthood with regard to social and cognitive functioning, and appears to be relatively safe.<ref name="pmid14658920">{{cite journal|last1=Hechtman|first1=Lily|last2=Greenfield|first2=Brian|title=Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome|journal=Paediatric Drugs|date=1 January 2003|volume=5|issue=12|pages=787–794|pmid=14658920|issn=1174-5878|doi=10.2165/00148581-200305120-00002|s2cid=68191253}}</ref>

Abuse of prescription stimulants (not following physician instruction) or of illicit stimulants carries many negative health risks. Abuse of cocaine, depending upon route of administration, increases risk of cardiorespiratory disease, [[stroke]], and [[sepsis]].<ref name=Sor2014>{{cite journal|last1=Sordo|first1=L|last2=Indave|first2=BI|last3=Barrio|first3=G|last4=Degenhardt|first4=L|last5=de la Fuente|first5=L|last6=Bravo|first6=MJ|title=Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review.|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|date=1 September 2014|volume=142|pages=1–13|pmid=25066468|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some effects are dependent upon the route of administration, with intravenous use associated with the transmission of many disease such as [[Hepatitis C]], [[HIV/AIDS]] and potential medical emergencies such as [[infection]], [[thrombosis]] or [[pseudoaneurysm]],<ref name="pmid16682239">{{cite journal|last=COUGHLIN|first=P|author2=MAVOR, A|title=Arterial Consequences of Recreational Drug Use|journal=European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery|date=1 October 2006|volume=32|issue=4|pages=389–396|doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.03.003|pmid=16682239|doi-access=free}}</ref> while inhalation may be associated with increased [[lower respiratory tract infection]], [[lung cancer]], and pathological restricting of lung tissue.<ref name="pmid11224724">{{cite journal|last1=Tashkin|first1=D. P.|title=Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|date=1 March 2001|volume=7|issue=2|pages=43–61|pmid=11224724|issn=1070-5287|doi=10.1097/00063198-200103000-00001|s2cid=23421796}}</ref> Cocaine may also increase risk for autoimmune disease<ref name="pmid6725666">{{cite journal|vauthors=Trozak D, Gould W |title = Cocaine abuse and connective tissue disease|journal = J Am Acad Dermatol|volume = 10|issue = 3|page = 525|year = 1984|pmid = 6725666|doi = 10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80112-7|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="pmid10095180">{{cite journal|title=Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use|author=Ramón Peces|journal=Nephron|year=1999|volume=81|issue=4|pages=434–438|pmid=10095180|doi=10.1159/000045328|last2=Navascués|first2=RA|last3=Baltar|first3=J|last4=Seco|first4=M|last5=Alvarez|first5=J|s2cid=26921706}}</ref><ref name="pmid9667555">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore PM, Richardson B |title=Neurology of the vasculitides and connective tissue diseases |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |year=1998|pmid=9667555 |pmc=2170162|doi=10.1136/jnnp.65.1.10}}</ref> and damage nasal cartilage. Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar effects as well as marked degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in an increased risk for [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="pmid22392347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos Mde L |title=Toxicity of amphetamines: an update |journal=Arch. Toxicol. |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1167–1231 |date=August 2012  |pmid=22392347 |doi=10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5 |bibcode=2012ArTox..86.1167C |s2cid=2873101 }}</ref><ref name="Thrash-">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M | title = Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease | journal = Pharmacol Rep | volume = 61 | issue = 6 | pages = 966–977 | year = 2009 | pmid = 20081231 | doi = 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6 | s2cid = 4729728 | url = http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_966.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111421/http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2009/6_966.pdf | archive-date = 16 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Autoxidation1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sulzer D, Zecca L | title = Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review | journal = Neurotox. Res. | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–195 |date=February 2000 | pmid = 12835101 | doi = 10.1007/BF03033289 | s2cid = 21892355 }}</ref><ref name="Autoxidation2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miyazaki I, Asanuma M | title = Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself | journal = Acta Med. Okayama | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–150 |date=June 2008 | pmid = 18596830 | doi = 10.18926/AMO/30942}}</ref>