Editing Standard Chinese (section)

====''Guoyu'' and ''Putonghua''====
The word ''Guoyu'' ({{zhi|t=國語|s=国语|l=national language}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} was initially used during the late [[Qing dynasty]] to refer to the [[Manchu language]]. The 1655 ''[[Memoir of Qing Dynasty]], Volume: Emperor [[Nurhaci]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|清太祖實錄}}) says: "(In 1631) as Manchu ministers do not comprehend the Han language, each ministry shall create a new position to be filled up by [[Han people|Han]] official who can comprehend the national language."<ref>{{Citation |last=张杰 |title=清文化与满族精神 |date=2012 |editor-last=张杰 |url=http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000708/http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-date=2020-11-05 |chapter=论清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响 |publisher=辽宁民族出版社 |language=zh |quote=[天聪五年, 1631年] 满大臣不解汉语，故每部设启心郎一员，以通晓国语之汉员为之，职正三品，每遇议事，座在其中参预之。}}</ref> However, the sense of ''Guoyu'' as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan in the early 20th century. In 1902, the Japanese Diet had formed the [[National Language Research Council]] to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed {{tlit|ja|kokugo}} ({{lang|ja|国語}}).{{sfnp|Tam|2020|p=76}} Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|imperial Mandarin]] to be the new national language.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=133–134}}

The term ''Putonghua'' ({{zhi|t=普通話|s=普通话|l=common tongue}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} dates back to 1906 in writings by [[Zhu Wenxiong]] to differentiate the standard vernacular Mandarin from [[Literary Chinese]] and other [[varieties of Chinese]].