Editing Spruce (section)

== Taxonomy ==

=== Classification ===
[[DNA]] analyses have shown that traditional classifications based on the [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of needle and [[Conifer cone|cone]] are artificial.<ref name="Ran">{{cite journal |author1=Jin-Hua Ran |author2=Xiao-Xin Wei |author3=Xiao-Quan Wang |year=2006 |title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of ''Picea'' (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes |url=http://lseb.ibcas.ac.cn/oldzjxx/wangxq/pdf/Picea.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039 |pmid=16839785 |bibcode=2006MolPE..41..405R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424225243/http://lseb.ibcas.ac.cn/oldzjxx/wangxq/pdf/Picea.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sigurgeirsson">{{cite journal |author1=Aðalsteinn Sigurgeirsson |author2=Alfred E. Szmidt |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in ''Picea'' |journal=[[Nordic Journal of Botany]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–246 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00043.x}}</ref> A 2006 study found that ''[[Picea breweriana|P. breweriana]]'' had a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] position, followed by ''[[Picea sitchensis|P. sitchensis]]'',<ref name="Ran" /> and the other species were further divided into three [[clade]]s, suggesting that ''Picea'' originated in North America. The oldest record of spruce that has been found in the fossil record is from the Early Cretaceous ([[Valanginian]]) of western Canada, around 136 million years old.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ashley A. Klymiuk |author2=Ruth A. Stockey |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) seed cone provides the earliest fossil record for Picea (Pinaceae) |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1069–1082 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1100568 |pmid=22623610 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Species===
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Picea''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi  |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|pmc= |bibcode= 2021NatPl...7.1015S|s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |publisher=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:400px
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=section
    |sublabel1=''Sitcha''
    |1=''[[Picea sitchensis|P. sitchensis]]'' <small>(Bongard) Carrière</small>
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |label1=section
      |sublabel1=''Brewerianae''
      |1=''[[Picea breweriana|P. breweriana]]'' <small>Watson</small>
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |label1=section
      |sublabel1=''Casicta''
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |label1=series
          |sublabel1=''Likiangenses''
          |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Picea likiangensis|P. likiangensis]]'' <small>(Franchet) Pritzel</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Picea farreri|P. farreri]]'' <small>Page & Rushforth</small>
              |2=''[[Picea spinulosa|P. spinulosa]]'' <small>(Griffith) Henry</small>
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |label1=series
            |sublabel1=''Schrenkianae''
            |1=''[[Picea schrenkiana|P. schrenkiana]]'' <small>Fischer & Meyer</small>
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=series
            |sublabel1=''Glaucae''
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Picea smithiana|P. smithiana]]'' <small>(Wallich) Boiss.</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Picea glauca|P. glauca]]'' <small>(Moench) Voss</small>
                |2=''[[Picea engelmannii|P. engelmannii]]'' <small>Parry ex Engelmann</small>
                 }}
               }}
            |label2=series
            |sublabel2=''Orientales''
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Picea martinezii|P. martinezii]]'' <small>T.F.Patt.</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Picea chihuahuana|P. chihuahuana]]'' <small>Martínez</small>
                  |2=''[[Picea alcoquiana|P. alcoquiana]]'' <small>(Veitch ex Lindley) Carrière</small>
                   }}
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Picea brachytyla|P. brachytyla]]'' <small>(Franchet) Pritzel</small>
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Picea neoveitchii|P. neoveitchii]]'' <small>Masters</small>
                    |2=''[[Picea morrisonicola|P. morrisonicola]]'' <small>Hayata</small>
                     }}
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |1=''[[Picea purpurea|P. purpurea]]'' <small>Masters</small>
                    |2=''[[Picea wilsonii|P. wilsonii]]'' <small>Masters</small>
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Picea orientalis|P. orientalis]]'' <small>(von Linné) Peterm.</small>
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''[[Picea maximowiczii|P. maximowiczii]]'' <small>Regel ex Masters</small>
                      |2=''[[Picea polita|P. polita]]'' <small>(Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière</small>
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
      |label2=section
      |sublabel2=''Picea''
      |2={{clade
        |label1=series
        |sublabel1=''Pungentes''
        |1=''[[Picea pungens|P. pungens]]'' <small>Engelmann</small>
        |2={{clade
          |label1=series
          |sublabel1=''Jezoenses''
          |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Picea glehnii|P. glehnii]]'' <small>(Schmidt) Masters</small>
              |2=''[[Picea jezoensis|P. jezoensis]]'' <small>(Sieb. & Zuccarini) Carrière</small>
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Picea rubens|P. rubens]]'' <small>Sargent</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Picea mariana|P. mariana]]'' <small>(Miller) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg</small>
                |2=''[[Picea omorika|P. omorika]]'' <small>(Pančić) Purkyne</small>
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |label2=series
          |sublabel2=''Abies''
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Picea obovata|P. obovata]]'' <small>Ledeb.</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Picea abies|P. abies]]'' <small>(von Linné) Karsten</small>
                |2=''[[Picea koyamae|P. koyamae]]'' <small>Shiras.</small>
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Picea asperata|P. asperata]]'' <small>Masters</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Picea koraiensis|P. koraiensis]]'' <small>Nakai</small>
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Picea torano|P. torano]]'' <small>(Siebold ex Koch) Koehne</small>
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''[[Picea retroflexa|P. retroflexa]]'' <small>Masters</small>
                        |2={{clade
                          |1=''[[Picea shirasawae|P. shirasawae]]'' <small>Hayashi</small>
                          |2={{clade
                            |1=''[[Picea crassifolia|P. crassifolia]]'' <small>Komarov</small>
                            |2=''[[Picea meyeri|P. meyeri]]'' <small>Rehder & Wilson</small>
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

{{As of|2022|April}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted 37 species.<ref name="POWO_30005648-2">{{cite web |title=''Picea'' A.Dietr. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005648-2 |access-date=2022-04-20 }}</ref> The grouping is based on Ran et al. (2006).<ref name="Ran"/>
*Basal species:
** ''[[Picea breweriana]]'' – Brewer's spruce, [[Klamath Mountains]], North America; local [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]
** ''[[Picea sitchensis]]'' – [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] spruce, Pacific coast of North America; the largest species, to 95&nbsp;m tall; important in [[forestry]]
*Clade I (Northern and western [[North America]], in [[taiga|boreal forests]] or high mountains)
** ''[[Picea engelmannii]]'' – Engelmann spruce, western North American mountains; important in forestry
** ''[[Picea glauca]]'', syn. ''Picea laxa'' – white spruce, northern North America; important in forestry
*Clade II (throughout Asia, mostly in mountainous areas, a few isolated populations in higher elevations of [[Mexico]],)
** ''[[Picea brachytyla]]'' – Sargent's spruce, southwest [[China]]
** ''[[Picea chihuahuana]]'' – Chihuahua spruce, northwest Mexico (rare)
** ''[[Picea farreri]]'' – Burmese spruce, northeast [[Burma]], southwest [[China]] (mountains)
** ''[[Picea likiangensis]]'' – Likiang spruce, southwest China
** ''[[Picea martinezii]]'' – Martinez spruce, northeast Mexico (very rare, endangered)
** ''[[Picea maximowiczii]]'' – Maximowicz spruce, [[Japan]] (rare, mountains)
** ''[[Picea morrisonicola]]'' – Taiwan spruce, [[Taiwan]] (high mountains)
** ''[[Picea neoveitchii]]'' – Veitch's spruce, northwest China (rare, endangered)
** ''[[Picea orientalis]]'' – Caucasian spruce or Oriental spruce, [[Caucasus]], northeast [[Turkey]]
** ''[[Picea polita]]'', syn. ''Picea torano'' – tiger-tail spruce, Japan
** ''[[Picea purpurea]]'' – purple cone spruce, western China
** ''[[Picea schrenkiana]]'' – Schrenk's spruce, mountains of central Asia
** ''[[Picea smithiana]]'' – morinda spruce, western [[Himalaya]], eastern [[Afghanistan]], northern and northwest [[India]]
** ''[[Picea spinulosa]]'' – Sikkim spruce, northeast India ([[Sikkim]]), eastern [[Himalaya]]
** ''[[Picea wilsonii]]'' – Wilson's spruce, western China
*Clade III (Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly in boreal forests or mountainous areas)
** ''[[Picea abies]]'' – Norway spruce, Europe; important in forestry, the original [[Christmas tree]]
** ''[[Picea alcoquiana]]'' – ("''P. bicolor''") Alcock's spruce, central Japan (mountains)
** ''[[Picea asperata]]'' – dragon spruce, western China; several varieties
** ''[[Picea crassifolia]]'' – Qinghai spruce, China
** ''[[Picea glehnii]]'' – Glehn's spruce, northern Japan, [[Sakhalin]]
** ''[[Picea jezoensis]]'' – Jezo spruce, northeast Asia, [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] south to Japan
** ''[[Picea koraiensis]]'' – Korean spruce, [[Korea]], northeast China
** ''[[Picea koyamae]]'' – Koyama's spruce, Japan (mountains)
** ''[[Picea mariana]]'' – black spruce, northern North America
** ''[[Picea meyeri]]'' – Meyer's spruce, northern China (from Inner Mongolia to Gansu)
** ''[[Picea obovata]]'' – Siberian spruce, north [[Scandinavia]], [[Siberia]]; often treated as a variant of ''P. abies'' (and hybridises with it), but has distinct cones
** ''[[Picea omorika]]'' – Serbian spruce, [[Serbia]] and [[Bosnia]]; local [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]; important in horticulture
** ''[[Picea pungens]]'' – blue spruce or Colorado spruce, [[Rocky Mountains]], North America; important in horticulture
** ''[[Picea retroflexa]]'' – green dragon spruce, China
** ''[[Picea rubens]]'' – red spruce, northeastern North America; important in forestry, known as [[Picea rubens|Adirondack]] in musical-instrument making
*Others
** ''[[Picea aurantiaca]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
** ''[[Picea austropanlanica]]'' <small>Silba</small>
** ''[[Picea linzhiensis]]'' <small>(W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Rushforth</small>
*Hybrids
** [[Picea × albertiana|''Picea'' × ''albertiana'']] <small>S.Br.</small>
** [[Picea × fennica|''Picea'' × ''fennica'']] <small>(Regel) Kom.</small>
** [[Picea × lutzii|''Picea'' × ''lutzii'']] <small>Little</small>
** [[Picea × notha|''Picea'' × notha'']] <small>Rehder</small>