Editing Sports injury (section)

=== Bony Injuries ===
Types of [[hard tissue]] injuries can include dental and bone injuries and are less frequent than soft tissue injuries in sport, but are often more serious.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Furniss|first1=Dominic|last2=Heywood|first2=Anthony J.|date=2011-04-21|title=Soft tissue hand injuries|journal=Oxford Medicine Online|volume=1|doi=10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012024}}</ref> Hard tissue injuries to teeth and bones can occur with contusions, such as Battle sign, which indicates basilar skull fracture, and so-called raccoon eyes, which indicate midface fractures.<ref name="Lanzi 287–298">{{Cite journal |last=Lanzi |first=Guy L. |date=2017-04-01 |title=Facial Injuries in Sports, Soft Tissue Injuries (Abrasions, Contusions, Lacerations) |journal=Clinics in Sports Medicine |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=287–98 |doi=10.1016/j.csm.2016.11.008 |issn=0278-5919 |pmid=28314418}}</ref> However, tooth fractures are the most common type of tooth injury, and can be categorized as crown infractions, enamel-only fracture, enamel-dentin fractures, and fractures that extend through the enamel and dentin into the pulp which is defined below.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Gould|first1=Trenton E.|last2=Piland|first2=Scott G.|last3=Caswell|first3=Shane V.|last4=Ranalli|first4=Dennis|last5=Mills|first5=Stephen|last6=Ferrara|first6=Michael S.|last7=Courson|first7=Ron|date=2016-10-15|title=National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries|journal=Journal of Athletic Training|volume=51|issue=10|pages=821–39|doi=10.4085/1062-6050-51.8.01|issn=1062-6050|pmc=5189236|pmid=27875057}}</ref>

* Crown infractions are characterized by a disruption of the enamel prisms from a traumatic force, these injuries typically present as small cracks that affect only the enamel.<ref name=":02" />
* Enamel-only fractures are mild and often appear as roughness along the edge of the tooth crown. These injuries typically can go unnoticed by the athlete as they are usually not sensitive to the touch or temperature changes. Enamel-only fractures are not considered dental emergencies and immediate care is not needed.<ref name=":02" />
* Enamel-Dentin crown fractures typically present as a tooth fracture confined to enamel and dentin with loss of tooth structure, but not exposing the pulp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dentaltraumaguide.org/free-dental-guides/permanent-teeth/enamel-dentin-fracture/|title=Enamel-dentin fracture – Dental Trauma Guide|website=dentaltraumaguide.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> The athlete often will report sensitivity to air, cold or touch, but the athlete can return to play as tolerated and referral can be delayed up to 24 hours.<ref name=":02" />
* Enamel-Dentin-Pulp fractures extend through the enamel and dentin and into the pulp. If the pulp is vital, a focal spot of hemorrhage will be noticeable within the yellow dentin layer and the athlete may report acute pain. Referral to a trauma-ready dentist should occur as soon as possible.<ref name=":02" />

In addition to tooth fractures, there are several types of bone fractures as well. These types being closed or simple, [[Bone fracture|open or compound]], [[Greenstick fracture|greenstick]], [[Stress fracture|hairline]], complicated, [[Comminuted Fracture|comminuted]], [[Avulsion fracture|avulsion]], and [[Vertebral compression fracture|compression]]. A complicated fracture is when the structures surrounding the fracture are injured, such as blood vessels, organs, nerves, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bone-fractures|title=Bone fractures|last=Services|first=Department of Health & Human|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref>