Editing Splenda (section)

==Health and safety regulation==
{{see also|Sucralose#Health, safety, and regulation}}
Splenda usually contains 95% [[dextrose]] (D-glucose) and [[maltodextrin]] (by volume) which the body readily metabolizes, combined with a small amount of mostly indigestible sucralose. Sucralose is made by replacing three select [[hydroxyl|hydrogen-oxygen groups]] on [[sucrose]] (table sugar) molecules with three chlorine atoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foodinsight.org/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sucralose/|title=Everything You Need to Know About Sucralose|date=26 November 2018|website=foodinsight.org|publisher=[[International Food Information Council]]|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> The tightly bound chlorine atoms create a molecular structure that is stable under intense conditions. Sucralose itself is recognized as safe to ingest as a diabetic sugar substitute,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Grotz, V Lee |author2=Henry, Robert R |author3=McGill, Janet B |author4=Prince, Melvin J |author5=Shamoon, Harry |author6=Trout, J Richard |author7=Pi-Sunyer, F Xavier | title=Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes | url=http://www.adajournal.org/article/S0002-8223%2803%2901364-6/abstract| journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |year=2003 |volume=103 | issue=12 | pages=1607–12| doi=10.1016/j.jada.2003.09.021 | pmid=14647086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Sucralose and diabetes | author=Roberts, Ashley | journal=Foods & Food Ingredients Journal of Japan | year=1999 | volume=182 | pages=49–55}}</ref> but the sugars or other carbohydrates used as bulking agents in Splenda products should be evaluated individually. The recommended amount of sucralose that can be consumed on a daily basis over a person's lifetime without any adverse effects is 900&nbsp;mg/kg BW/day, or about 60&nbsp;g for a 70&nbsp;kg (150&nbsp;lb) person.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldsmith|first=L. A.|year=2000|title=Acute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=38 Suppl 2|pages=S53–69|doi=10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00028-4|issn=0278-6915|pmid=10882818}}</ref>
<!--
1 g for a 70 kg person is equivalent to about 75 packets of Splenda or the sweetness of 612 g or 2500 kcal of sugar.
Calculation is as follows using GNU units (technically this is original research, but allowable per WP:CALC):
 (15 mg/kg) * (150 lb) = 1.0205828 g
 (15 mg/kg) * (150 lb) / (8 g / 600) = 76.543712
 (15 mg/kg) * (150 lb) * 600 = 612.3497 g
 (15 mg/kg) * (150 lb) * 600 * (4 kcal/g) = 2449.3988 kcal
-->

A repeated dose study of sucralose in human subjects concluded that "there is no indication that adverse effects on human health would occur from frequent or long-term exposure to sucralose at the maximum anticipated levels of intake".<ref name=Baird>{{cite journal|title=Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in human subjects|author1=Baird, I. M. |author2=Shephard, N. W. |author3=Merritt, R. J. |author4=Hildick-Smith, G. | journal=[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]]| year=2000| volume=38| issue=Suppl. 2| pages=S123–9|doi=10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00035-1|pmid=10882825}}</ref> Conversely, a [[Duke University]] animal study funded by the [[Sugar Association]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=New Salvo in Splenda Skirmish|journal=The New York Times|date=2008-09-02|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23splenda.html | first=Lynnley | last=Browning | access-date=2010-05-24}}</ref> found evidence that doses of Splenda between 100 and 1000&nbsp;mg/kg BW/day, containing sucralose at 1.1 to 11&nbsp;mg/kg BW/day, fed to rats reduced [[Gut flora|fecal microflora]], increased the pH level in the intestines, contributed to increases in body weight, and increased levels of [[P-glycoprotein]] (P-gp).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abou-Donia|first1=MB|last2=El-Masry|first2=EM|last3=Abdel-Rahman|first3=AA|last4=McLendon|first4=RE|last5=Schiffman|first5=SS |title=Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats |journal=J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A |volume=71 |issue=21 |pages=1415–29 |year=2008 |pmid=18800291 |doi=10.1080/15287390802328630|bibcode=2008JTEHA..71.1415A |s2cid=11909980}}</ref> These effects have not been reported in humans.<ref name=Baird/> In response, McNeil Nutritionals, along with an expert panel that included scientists from Duke University, [[Rutgers University]], [[New York Medical College]], [[Harvard School of Public Health]], and [[Columbia University]] reported in ''[[Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology]]'' that the Duke study was "not scientifically rigorous and is deficient in several critical areas that preclude reliable interpretation of the study results".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Science-Nutrition/Sucralose-safety-scientifically-sound-Expert-panel|title=Sucralose safety 'scientifically sound': Expert panel|first=Stephen|last=Daniells|date=2009-09-02}}</ref> The other ingredients in Splenda—dextrose and maltodextrin—are listed as [[generally recognized as safe]] because of their long history of safe consumption.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|21|184|1444}}</ref><ref>{{CodeFedReg|21|184|1857}}</ref>

Sucralose may not be completely biologically inert, and a study showed that cooking with sucralose at high temperatures could cause it to degrade into potentially toxic compounds.<ref name=Schiffman>{{cite journal|author=Susan S. Schiffman |author2=Kristina I. Rother |title=Sucralose, A Synthetic Organochlorine Sweetener: Overview Of Biological Issues |journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews |volume=16 |number=7 |pages=399–451 |doi=10.1080/10937404.2013.842523|pmc=3856475 |pmid=24219506 |year=2013|bibcode=2013JTEHB..16..399S }}</ref> However, only a very small amount (approximately 2–8% of sucralose consumed) is metabolized by the body, on average.<ref name=Friedman>Michael A. Friedman, Lead Deputy Commissioner for the FDA, [https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/040398a.pdf Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Sucralose] Federal Register: 21 CFR Part 172, Docket No. 87F-0086, April 3, 1998</ref>