Editing Southwestern United States (section)

===Arrival of Europeans===
[[File:Expedition Cabeza de Vaca Karte.png|thumb|Narváez expedition (1528–36)]]
The first European intrusion into the region came from the south. In 1539, a Jesuit Franciscan named [[Marcos de Niza]] led an expedition from Mexico City which passed through eastern Arizona.<ref>"The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542: from the city of Mexico to the Grand ..." by Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera, Antonio de Mendoza, Juan Camilo, p. 5 (Google Books {{ISBN|1555910661}})</ref> The following year [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]], based on reports from survivors of the [[Narváez expedition]] (1528–36) who had crossed eastern Texas on their way to Mexico City, led an expedition to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola.<ref name=NPS1>{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/cagr/learn/historyculture/index.htm | publisher=National Park Service | title=A Brief History of the Casa Grande Ruins | access-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> The 1582–3 expedition of [[Antonio de Espejo]] explored New Mexico and eastern Arizona;{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=38}} and this led to [[Juan de Oñate]]'s establishment of the Spanish province of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] in 1598, with a capital founded near [[Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico|Ohkay Oweenge Pueblo]], which he called San Juan de los Caballeros.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nmmagazine.com/native_american/san_juan.php | title = San Juan Pueblo | work = [[New Mexico Magazine]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105162531/http://www.nmmagazine.com./native_american/san_juan.php | archive-date = January 5, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Simmons |first=Marc |title=The Last Conquistador |location=Norman |publisher=U of OK Press |year=1992 |pages=96, 111 |isbn=0806123389 }}</ref> Oñate's party also attempted to establish a settlement in Arizona in 1599, but were turned back by inclement weather.{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=38}} In 1610, [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] was founded, making it the oldest capital in United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=McNitt |first=Frank |title=Navajo Wars: Military Campaigns, Slave Raids, and Reprisals |location=Albuquerque |publisher=U of NM Press |year=1972 |pages=10–11 |isbn=0826302467 }}</ref>

In 1664 Juan Archuleta led an expedition into what is now Colorado, becoming the first European to enter. A second Spanish expedition was led into Colorado by Juan Ulibarrí in 1706,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thegeozone.com/treasure/colorado/history/index.jsp | title=A General History Of Colorado | publisher=The Geo Zone | access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref> during which he claimed the Colorado territory for Spain.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/spanish-explorers.html | publisher=Explore-Old-West-Colorado.com | title=Spanish Explorers: The Quest for Gold | access-date=July 9, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707163103/http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/spanish-explorers.html | archive-date=July 7, 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

From 1687 to 1691 the Jesuit priest [[Eusebio Kino]] established several missions in the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]] valley;{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=41}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Kessell | first=John L. | date=1970 | title=Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691–1767 | location=Tucson, AZ | publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=0816501920 }}</ref> and Kino further explored southern and central Arizona in 1694, during which he discovered the ruins of Casa Grande.<ref name="NPS1"/> Beginning in 1732, Spanish settlers began to enter the region, and the Spanish started bestowing land grants in Mexico and the Southwest US.{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=42}} In 1751, the O'odham rebelled against the Spanish incursions, but the revolt was unsuccessful. In fact, it had the exact opposite effect, for the result of the rebellion was the establishment of the [[Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac|presidio]] at [[Tubac, Arizona|Tubac]], the first permanent European settlement in Arizona.{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=43}}

In 1768, the Spanish created the [[Las Californias Province|Provincia de las Californias]], which included California and the Southwest US. Over approximately the next 50 years, the Spanish continued to explore the Southwest, and in 1776 the City of Tucson was founded when the [[Presidio San Augustin del Tucson]] was created, relocating the presidio from Tubac.<ref name=brit1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Tucson | volume= 27 | pages = 361&ndash;362 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=46}}

In 1776, two Franciscan priests, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, led an [[Dominguez–Escalante Expedition|expedition]] from Santa Fe heading to California. After passing through Colorado, they became the first Europeans to travel into what is now Utah. Their journey was halted by bad weather in October, and they turned back, heading south into Arizona before turning east back to Santa Fe.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uintahbasintah.org/journalmain.htm | publisher=Uintah Basin Teaching American History | title=Domínguez and Escalante Expedition Year 1775 | access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:1846 Mitchell's Map of Texas Oregon and California - Geographicus - TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg|thumb|1846 map: Mexican [[Alta California]] (Upper California) in pink.]]
In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias, creating the province [[Alta California]], which consisted primarily of what would become California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after, in 1824, developed its [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|constitution]], which established the Alta California territory, which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province.

In 1825, Arizona was visited by its first non-Spanish Europeans, English trappers.{{sfn|Sheridan|2012|p=52}} In 1836, the [[Republic of Texas]], which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States, won its independence from Mexico. In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and immediately became a state, bypassing the usual territory phase. The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02 | publisher=Texas State Historical Association | title=Republic of Texas | access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref> In 1846, the Southwest became embroiled in the [[Mexican–American War]], partly as a result of the United States' annexation of Texas. On August 18, 1846, an American force captured Santa Fe, New Mexico.<ref>{{cite book |last=Groom |first=Winston |title=Kearny's March |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2011 |page=89 |isbn=978-0307270962 }}</ref> On December 16 of the same year, American forces captured Tucson, Arizona, marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States.<ref name=disturnell-1882>{{Citation |publisher = W.C. Disturnell |location = San Francisco |title = Arizona Business Directory and Gazetteer |date = 1881 |chapter=Tucson P.O. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/arizonabusinessd00districh#page/184/mode/2up}}</ref> When the war ended with the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] on February 2, 1848, the United States gained control of all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah, as well as the majority of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico and Colorado (the rest of present-day Colorado, and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas).<ref>{{cite book|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ceNvefrToC&pg=PA255|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=255|isbn=978-1851098545}}</ref> The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the [[Gadsden Purchase]] in 1853.<ref name=brit1911 />

In 1851, [[San Luis, Colorado|San Luis]] became the first European settlement in what is now Colorado.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/costillacounty/town-san-luis | publisher=State of Colorado | title=Town of San Luis | access-date=July 9, 2015}}</ref>