Editing Sociology of sport (section)

===Current sociology===
Young [[African-Americans]] see sports as means of upward social mobility, which is denied to them through conventional employment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giulianotti |first1=Richard |title=Sport: A Critical Sociology, 2nd Edition |date=November 2015 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-745-66993-9 |page=73 |edition=2nd}}</ref> Race often interplays with [[Social class|class]], [[gender]] and [[ethnicity]] to determine how accessible certain sports are, and how the athlete is perceived. For example, [[golf]] is inaccessible to African-Americans less because of race, and more because of the high economic and [[social capital]] needed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapchick |first1=Richard B. |title=Five Minutes to Midnight: Race and Sport in the 1990s |url=https://archive.org/details/fiveminutestomid0000lapc |date=1991 |publisher=Madison Books |location=Seattle |page=[https://archive.org/details/fiveminutestomid0000lapc/page/290 290]}}</ref>

Race is often connected to gender, with women having less opportunities to access and succeed in sports. Once a woman does succeed, her race is downplayed and her [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] is accentuated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Captain |first1=Gwendolyn |last2=Vertinsky |first2=Patricia |title=More Myth than History: American Culture and Representations of the Black Female's Athletic Ability |journal=Journal of Sport History |date=September 1998 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=552–553 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242419674 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> In certain cultures, especially Muslim ones, women are denied access to sports all-together.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaman |first1=Hasima |editor1-last=Humberstone |editor1-first=Barbara |editor2-last=Clarke |editor2-first=Gill |title=Islam, Well-being and Physical Activity: Perceptions of Muslim Young Women |date=1997 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-333-64231-3 }}</ref>

In team sports, white players are often placed in central positions which demand [[intelligence]], decisiveness, [[leadership]], calmness and reliability. Black players are in turn place in positions that demand athletic ability, [[physical strength]], [[speed]] and explosiveness. For example, white players in the role of [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielders]] and black players as [[Midfielder#Winger|wingers]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maguire |first1=J. |editor1-last=Jarvie |editor1-first=Grant |title=Sport, Racism and Ethnicity |date=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=1850009171 |edition=1st |chapter=Sport, racism and British society: a sociological study of England's elite male Afro/Caribbean soccer and rugby union players}}</ref>