Editing Sissy (section)

==In gender and LGBTQ studies==
{{redirect|Sissyphobia|the book|Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior}}
{{see also|Gender dysphoria|Gender dysphoria in children}}
In his ''The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality'' (1987), the sexologist [[Richard Green (sexologist)|Richard Green]] compared two groups of boys: one group was conventionally masculine; the other group, who Green called "feminine boys" and other children called "sissy", engaged in doll play and other behavior typical for girls.<ref name="Green-1987">{{cite book |last=Green |first=Richard  |author-link=Richard Green (sexologist) |title=The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality |url=https://archive.org/details/sissyboysyndrome00greerich |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2017 |year=1987 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-03696-1 |oclc=898802573 |quote="Other children called them 'sissy.' ...Our boys would have preferred being girls.  They liked to dress in girls' or women's clothes.  They preferred Barbie dolls to trucks.  Their playmates were girls.  When they played 'mommy-daddy' games, they were mommy.  And they avoided rough-and-tumble play and sports, the usual reasons for the epithet 'sissy.'"}}</ref>  In his 15-year longitudinal study, Green looked at cross-gender behavior in boys who later turned out to be transgender, or homosexual as well as a control group, and analyzed such features as interest in sports, playroom toy preferences, doll-play fantasy, physical behavior ("acting like a girl" vs [[rough-and-tumble play]]), [[cross-dressing]], and psychological behavior,<ref name="Green-1987" />{{rp|21–29}} using tests, questionnaires, interviews, and follow-ups.  He also looked at the influence of parental relationships<ref name="Green-1987" />{{rp|353–369}} and reaction to atypical behavior.  Later follow-ups found that, ultimately, {{frac|3|4}} of the feminine or "sissy" boys developed into gay or bisexual men, whereas only one of the control group did. Analysis of the nature/nurture issue was inconclusive.<ref name="Green-1987" />{{rp|385}}

The term '''''sissyphobia''''' denotes a negative cultural reaction against "sissy boys" thought prevalent in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oliven|first=John F.|title=Clinical sexuality: a manual for the physician and the professions|publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|Lippincott]]|year=1974|edition=3rd |page=110|isbn=0-397-50329-6}}</ref> Sissyphobia has more recently been used in some [[queer studies]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Bergling |first=Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/sissyphobiagayme0000berg |title=Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior |title-link= |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=1-56023-990-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref> other authors in this latter area have proposed ''[[effeminiphobia]],''<ref>{{cite book |last=Fellows |first=Will |title=A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |place=Madison, Wisconsin |date=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/passiontopreserv00fell/page/280 280] |url=https://archive.org/details/passiontopreserv00fell |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-02-10|isbn=9780299196837 }}</ref> ''femiphobia,''<ref>Bailey, Michael (1995). "Gender Identity", ''The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals'', p.&nbsp;71–93. New York: Harcourt Brace.</ref> ''femmephobia,'' or ''[[effemimania]]''<ref>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Kelby|title=Sexual Deceit: The Ethics of Passing|year=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0739177051|page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Serano |first1=Julia |url=https://archive.org/details/whippinggirltran0000sera |title=Whipping Girl |date=2007 |publisher=[[Basic Books|Seal Press]] |isbn=978-1580051545 |location=Berkeley |page=133 |url-access=registration}}</ref> as alternative terms.

[[Gregory M. Herek]] wrote that sissyphobia arises as a combination of [[misogyny]] and [[homophobia]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = SAGE| isbn = 9781446229576| last1 = Wilkinson| first1 = Sue| last2 = Kitzinger| first2 = Celia| title = Heterosexuality: A Feminism & Psychology Reader| date = 1993-02-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViCBRAMWOuoC&pg=PA164|page=164}}</ref> Communication scholar Shinsuke Eguchi (2011) stated: <blockquote>The discourse of straight-acting produces and reproduces anti-femininity and homophobia (Clarkson. 2006). For example, feminine gay men are often labeled "fem," "bitchy," "pissy," "sissy," or "queen" (e.g., Christian, 2005; Clarkson, 2006; Payne, 2007). They are perceived as if they perform like "women," spurring straight-acting gay men to have negative attitudes toward feminine-acting gay men (Clarkson, 2006; Payne, 2007; Ward, 2000). This is called sissyphobia (Bergling, 2001). Kimmel (1996) supports that "masculinity has been (historically) defined as the flight from women and the repudiation of femininity" (p. 123). Thus, sissyphobia plays as the communication strategy for straight-acting gay men to justify and empower their masculinity. (p. 38).<ref name="Eguchi">{{Cite journal | last1 = Eguchi | first1 = S. | doi = 10.3149/jms.1901.37 | title = Negotiating Sissyphobia: A Critical/Interpretive Analysis of One "Femme" Gay Asian Body in the Heteronormative World | journal = The Journal of Men's Studies | volume = 19 | pages = 37–56 | year = 2011 | s2cid = 147257629 }}</ref></blockquote>

Eguchi added,  "I wonder how 'sissyphobia' particularly plays into the dynamic of domestic violence processes in the straight-acting and effeminate-acting male same-sex coupling pattern." (p.&nbsp;53).<ref name="Eguchi"/>